Unit 1 Flashcards
What does science study?
Science is the study of observable, measurable, and testable events.
What doesn’t science study?
Beliefs excepted by Faith
What is the procedure called that is used by scientist inquire knowledge
Scientific method
Describe the steps of the scientific method
Observe and accumulate data, form a hypothesis, experiment, ad mass new data, assess results
Define hypothesis
An educated guess, a if/then statement.
What is a theory?
Supported by research and scientific evidence that has not been found to disprove it
What is the difference between a control group and a test group?
A control group goes through all the steps of the experiment, but lacks the factor or is not exposed to the factor that is being tested. a test group, the individuals exposed to a certain factor or has the factor that is being tested.
What is biology?
A branch of science, that studies living organisms
List the seven characteristics of life
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system, organisms
What compound contains the alphabet of all lifeforms?
DNA
What is a population?
A population is made of individual belonging to the same species
What is a community?
A community is made of all the many species in one area
What is a ecosystem?
A ecosystem is abiotic and biotic factors affecting life
What is a biosphere?
A biosphere is part of the earth that supports life, earth, and atmosphere
What is metabolism
The total sum of all chemical reactions in the organism that either require or release energy when they occur
Define energy
energy is the capability to do work
What are producers?
Producers acquire energy and simple raw materials from the environment.
An example of producers would be plants. The type of plant we get 90% of our energy from our algae
Define autotroph
Make their own food (self feeders)
What would be primary consumers?
Herbivore
What are secondary consumers?
Secondary consumers are flesh eaters like lions and snakes
Define heterotroph
Eat other organisms for energy source “other feeders”
What are decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead organic matter like fungi
What links producers, consumers, and decomposers together in nature
All are link together in food, chains and pyramids
How do living organisms reproduce?
Living organisms reproduce through either sexually or asexually
What is homeostasis?
A balance in the body or living organism
What is a niche?
A niche is a biological home or means biological home
Why is evolution considered a unifying theme in biology?
It proposes that organisms sin with modification from Pre existing. That species can change through natural selection, and new species can emerge
Define matter
Anything that occupies space, and are comprised of matter
Define element
The building blocks of matter
Define atom
The smallest particles that retain the properties of the element
How many elements occur naturally?
84 to 94. 92 are the most common.
What are synthetic elements?
Synthetic elements are elements that are created by scientist
What is the periodic table and who first developed it?
The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements based on chemical properties. this was developed by Dimitri Mendeleev.
Name the six elements that are used most by life
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium
What does the atomic number of an element equal?
The atomic number of a element equals the number of protons that is in its nucleus
What forms the mass number of an element
The protons and neutrons in the middle of it
What subatomic particles form the atomic nucleus
protons and neutrons
Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge, and addition one more creates a new element
Protons
What subatomic particle is neutral
Neutrons
Where are neutrons located?
In the middle of the nucleus
What is the weight of neutrons?
They weigh the same as protons
What is an isotope? What special physical property does exhibit?
And isotope or atoms with varying numbers of neutrons, the special physical property that they exhibit is radioactivity
What are examples of isotope?
C12,C13,C14
List the four uses for radioactive isotopes
Used to be medically to diagnose medical ailments: ulcers, tumors, cancer. Used to kill cancer cells. Can be used to track movements in the body.
Used in Pet scans. Used in the atoms and molecules in research.
What is produced if an atom has additional neutrons
An isotope
Does the number of protons equal the number of electrons in an atom?
Yes
Does the number of protons equal the number of neutrons in an atom?
Not always
What is the charge of an electron?
Electrons inhabit a negative charge
What is the difference between an electron orbital and an electron shell?
An electron orbital is the pathway and electron travels in while electron shells are the energy levels
In the first three shells of an atom, what is the maximum number of electrons each can hold?
1=2, 2=8, 3=18
What is the valance shell of an atom?
The valance shell is the outer shell.
If the valence shell does not contain its maximum number of electrons, then how many electrons does the atoms seek to accept?
Negative 8E
Argon is a noble gas. What does this mean?
It means since it’s noble gas that it’s valance shell is full
What is the term used to describe an atom that is caring electric charge?
Ion
Where is a cation
An ion that has a loss an electron
What is an anion
An ion that has gained an electron
Most atoms do not have a full balance show. Therefore, most atoms have the ability to join with others.(A) when at least two atoms have joined together. What is the result called? (B) when Atoms form at least two different elements have joined together. What is this called?
A. Molecules
B. Compound.
Identify examples of a molecular formula
H2O and CO2
Identify an example of structural formula
O = C = O,
H-O-H
Describe what an ionic bond is
Ionic lines are electrostatic attraction, opposites attract. Atoms gain, or lose electrons in the valence shell. They are fairly weak, so in the middle.
How many Kcal are required to break in an ionic bond?
Ten
Describe a covalent bond
Covalent bonds are strong. They share electrons to fill the valence shell.
What is meant by the term nonpolar covalent bond?
Nonpolar covalent bonds, or if electrons are equally shared
What is meant by the term polar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond electrons are unequally shared
How many kcal required to break covalent bond
50- 110
Describe hydrogen bonds
Stabilizes large molecules, they are weak bonds
Give me an example of where hydrogen bonds are located
DNA
How many kcal are required to hydrogen bonds
4 to 5
Define ionization
When molecules break into ions in a solution
Define electrolyte
Substance that conducts an electrical current in a solution
Define PH
Negative algorithm of the concentration of hydrogen plus ions in a solution
What classifies a substance as an acid
When they release free H plus into a solution
What pH values indicate acidity
Less than seven
What classifies the substance as a base?
Release hydroxyl ion in a solution
What pH values indicate alkaline
More than seven
What is the pH of blood?
7.5
What classifies a substance as a salt
That it can break down into ions other than H plus and OH
What is the pH of water?
Seven negative neutral
Why is pH important in biology?
Most living organisms are adapted to very narrow drastic changes in pH. The smallest changes in that pH could result in death in those organisms. Small changes in blood pH in humans can cause death.
What type of compounds help maintain homeostasis in living organisms?
Bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide
Genuinely organic compounds contain atoms of what element
Carbon
Describe five characteristics of water
Universal solvent, forms bound water, exhibit cohesion, exhibits, capillarity, expands rather than contraction freezes
What percentage of living matter is made of water
70 to 90%
Define solute
Substance to be ionized
Define solvent
The liquid in which ionization occurred
Define solution
Solute plus solvent
What is the universal solvent and what does the term mean?
The universal solvent is water, and it means that more substances can be iodized in the water than any other substance
What is clarity of water so important
Polarity, attracts and breaks bond holding them together
What environmental hazard is the result of universal solvancy of water?
Water pollution
What percent of the atmosphere is CO2
.04%. This percentage is steadily rising overtime.
What is meant by the term greenhouse effects
Major contributing, greenhouse, gas to global warming. CO2 trapped, excessive heat and melt polar ice.
What percent of atmosphere is oxygen? What organisms are responsible for the production of most of atmospheric oxygen?
The percent of the atmosphere that is oxygen is 21% and we get most of this oxygen from algae
Why do most cells need oxygen?
For energy to live
What is ozone and it’s important to the planet
the ozone is a layer of upper atmosphere that protects the earth from UV radiation
What is a derivative hydrocarbon
C,H, + another element
What are the three elements in carbohydrates
C, H, and O
What is the ratio of H:O in carbohydrates
2:1, same as water
What are common examples of carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
What are the uses of carbohydrates for the cell
ATP
What is a isomer
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different
What is a monomer
A building block of larger organic compounds
What are the monomers of large carbohydrates.
Monosaccharide
What is a polymer
Made of many monomers
Based upon the number of monomers found in each, what are the three different groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
What occurs in a condensation/dehydration reaction?
Loss of one water molecule
What occurs during hydrolysis
Force cut with water, adds water to break bond of polymers
List the names of 3 kinds of monosaccharides and a food source for each
Glucose- protein, fructose- fruits, galactose- milk sugar
What is the chemical formula for each of the monosaccharide isomers?
C6,H12,O6
What is the only type of carbohydrate small enough to enter the cell?
Monosaccharide
What is the quickest source of energy for the cell?
Glucose
List the names of 3 kinds of disaccharide
Sacrose, Maltose, Lactose
What type of chemical reaction occurs to form a disaccharide and a polysaccharide
Dehydration/cond.
What polysaccharide is formed and stored by plants?
Starch
How do animals store polysaccharide?
With glycogen
What structure is made of cellulose in plant cells
The cell wall
What animals can digest cellulose
Herbivores
Can man digest cellulose
No
What is the function of cellulose in humans
Forms “fiber”, prevent colon cancer
What structures are made of chitin
The exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans also the cell wall in fungi
Name three elements found in simple fats or lipids
C,H,O
Why are lipids important to the cell?
Fuel reserve- 2.5 X more potential energy than sugar in The chemical bonds of fat
Insulation-protection against the cold
Organ protection, especially for eyeballs and kidneys
Forms Cell membrane
What are monomers of simple fats
Glycerol and two fatty acids
Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids
Saturated
Up right
More h
Unsaturated
Has a kink in its tail
Less h then saturated
What are lipids soluble in?
Benzene
Why are phospholipids important to the cell?
They strengthen the cell membrane
List, four types of steroids that are classified as lipids
Hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, cholesterol
List elements found an all proteins
C,H,O,N
What element is found in some proteins, but not all
Sulfur
List five uses of proteins by living organisms
Structural, it’s the major component of tissues and body parts
Regular controls, various functions and organisms
Enzymes catalyzes reactions and processes and organisms
Hormones not all proteins, but they r regulate process
antibodies a component of immune system responsible for immune disease
Transport proteins moves the molecules across the cell membrane
Recognizing proteins
What are the monomers of protein?
Amino acids
Which of these subcomponents is different from each amino acids
How many amino acids are utilized by living organisms
20
How many are considered essential to humans?
Eight
How was sickle cell anemia established in the human population and what was it caused?
Sickle cell anemia got established in a Miral belt of the world and it’s caused by a mutation in the amino acid of the hemoglobin. he has 574 if one of those amino acids ends up getting incorrect then you get sickle cell anemia
Specifically, what subunits of amino acid combine with each other in condensation reaction to form a peptide bond
COOH & NH3
What is a dipeptide, a tri peptide and a poly peptide?
Dipeptide and try it peptides are products that digestive related and poly peptides are huge molecules that are usually included in our diet
What are the four structures of proteins?
Protein structures spell out the protein
Secondary structure, each bond that caused folds in the peptide chains
Tertiary structure, forms globular.
Quinary structure they are large proteins in our multiple globular proteins
Name the two nucleic acids that are associated with the nucleus
DNA and RNA
Name two organelles that contain a small amount of DNA
Plant chloroplasts and the mitochondria
What nucleic acid is mostly confined to the nucleus and a forms chromosomes, or the genetic material of the cell
DNA
Which nucleic acid leaves the nucleus and what process is it associated with that occurs in the ribosome
RNA, protein, synthesize
Who first proposed the model of DNA and what did they call the atomic shape of DNA?
Rosen and Franklin came up with the model and they called it a double helix
