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Biology 1406 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What unit of measurement is used to determine the size of cells

A

Micrometers

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2
Q

Who improved the microscope and is considered the father of microscopy

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who first describes the cell and what type of cells did he study?

A

Robert Hooke and he studied cork cells

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4
Q

State the principles of the cell theory

A

A.All life is made of cells; basic unit of life
B. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
C. Cell is a functional unit of life.
D. Cells contain DNA

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5
Q

What role did Matthias schleiden play in the development of cell theory

A

Botanist- all plants made of cells

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6
Q

What role did Theodor Schwann play in the development of cell theory?

A

zoologist- all animals made of cells

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7
Q

What role did Rudolf virchow play in the development of cell theory?

A

proposed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells

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8
Q

What role did louis Pasteur play in the development of cell theory

A

proved Virchow’s theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells

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9
Q

Describe the swan neck flask experiment and what theory did it prove

A

This one neck experiment is an experiment that contains two swan bottles, both containing a boiled broth like substance, where one of the neck of the bottles is broken, leaving it to be exposed to the air. The help to prove that all existing cells come from pre-existing.

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10
Q

Define resolution

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguished to objects that are close together

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11
Q

Define contrast

A

Using strains and varying light intensity to improve resolution

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12
Q

What is the light source in magnification range of the compound light?

A

A compound light is the type of microscope using the lab and it has incandescent light source
1000X magnification

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13
Q

What is the light source in the magnification rain range for the TEM

A

Electron microscope
Uses electrons to produce an image and its magnification range is 100,000 X to 300,000 X

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14
Q

What is the light source in the magnification range for scanning EM (SEM) microscopes?

A

Takes a three-dimensional view of its specimens
Magnification range 5,000 X

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15
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

Gel that contains all the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus

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16
Q

Define protoplasm

A

Gel that contains all the contents of the cell including the nucleus

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17
Q

Define organelle

A

Little organs; structures in the cytoplasm that carry out the functions of the cell

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18
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cell and give examples

A

Before nucleus
Cells do not have a true nucleus
Examples, bacteria and blue green algae

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19
Q

Describe the eukaryotic cell and give examples

A

True nucleus
These cells contain a true nucleus
Examples, most organisms on the plant

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20
Q

What are the only organelles associated with prokaryotic cells?

A

The cell wall
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes

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21
Q

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

The nucleus

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22
Q

What nucleic acids associated with the nucleus?

A

DNA and RNA

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23
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane and how many layers does it contain?

A

Double by layer
Separates nuclear contents from the rest of the cell
Contains pores, which are the exits of all types of RNA

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24
Q

Which nucleic acid is defined to the nucleus, except during mitosis and helps form the chromosomes

A

DNA

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25
Q

What type of RNA is manufactured in the area of the nucleolus

A

RRNA
Nucleus is actively manufacturing it and attaching proteins to Ribsomal subunits

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26
Q

Where do all types of RNA exit when it leaves the nucleus

A

they exit thur the nucleus pores

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27
Q

Who discovered the ER?

A

Discovered by Keith Portler

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28
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

A system of bilayer and folded membranes
lumen- hollow cavity
cistemae- membrane disk
Covered in ribosomes that make proteins

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29
Q

What organelle is associated with the rough ER

A

ribosomes

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30
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A

proteins enter for folding, quailty control, and exporting from the cell

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31
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A

Lacks ribsomes, and is more tubular in appearance

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32
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes and is more tubular in appearance

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33
Q

What does smooth ER perform in the liver

A

detoxifles harmful molecules

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34
Q

What does the smooth ER perform in muscle cells

A

holds a lot of Ca ions used in muscle contractions

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35
Q

What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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36
Q

Where are most ribosomes located?

A

Most ribosomes are located on the rough ER

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37
Q

Describe what the ribosome is made of

A

Have large and small subunit made of protein and r rna

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38
Q

Who discovered the Golgi apparatus

A

Camillo golgi

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39
Q

What are the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

stores modifies, and packages secretary products
directs exocytosis or movement of large molecules out of the cell
packing and shipping of the cell
attaches sugar to proteins and lipids to form the glycolipids and glycoproteins

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40
Q

What is the primary job of the lysosomes

A

fuse with membrane-bound particles and break them into smaller components
digest worn-out organelles for recycling - autophagy

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41
Q

What is the job of the peroxisomes

A

detoxifies molecules like hydrogen peroxide into h20->h2o +o

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42
Q

Which organelle is involved in with cellular respiration or the production of ATP (motor of the cell)

A

mitochondrion

43
Q

What is the summary equation of cellular respiration

A

C6 H16 O6 +6O2+ 38ADP +38P -> 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP, net 36

44
Q

What is the primary job of the centrioles and what cells contain them

A

found in pairs within animal cell
the focal point for the mitotic spindle but are not necessary for mitosis

45
Q

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cell and what happens to the size of the vacuole as plant cell matures

A

water reservoir for photosynthesis
the vacuole increases in size as the plant cell matures
stores cell sap of plants which is primary water, some dissolved proteins, and sugars

46
Q

What is cell sap made out of and what color pigments are dissolved in the vacuole of plants

A

water and some dissolved proteins and sugars.

47
Q

What type of plastid stores chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

48
Q

What is the summary equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+12H2O ——–>C6 H12 C6+ 6O2+ 6H2O

49
Q

What type of plastids store starch

A

Amylopast

50
Q

What type of plastid stores red, yellow and orange color pigments and give those colors to plant parts

A

chromoplast

51
Q

What plastid is responsible for autumn coloration of leaves

A

chromoplast

52
Q

What environmental conditions have to be met for this phenomenon to begin

A

cooler temperatures
shortening of daylight hours- light photo periods

53
Q

How many layers form the plasma membrane and what is it made of

A

made of a bilayer of phospholipids and protein

54
Q

What type of organisms have a cell wall

A

plants, fungi, bacterica

55
Q

What is pectin

A

pectin is the glue in the middle lamella

56
Q

What is lignin and what fossil fuel has it formed

A

lignite coal forms from lignin in the secondary cell walls of trees

57
Q

What are some commercial uses of the cell walls of plants

A

paper
hemp-rope
rayon -fabic
wood products

58
Q

Define tugor

A

stored water in the vacuole presses against the cell wall creating turgor pressure

59
Q

What are the effects of tugor pressure

A

strengthens the interior of the plant body
if plants need watering, they will wilt and doop, but when rewatered the pressure builds

60
Q

Having a cell wall once classified both bacteria and fungi as what type of organism

A

linnaeus

61
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of

A

murein( a protein)

62
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of

A

chitin

63
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton

A

support, organization, movement

64
Q

What are mircofilaments made of and what is their function in the cell

A

protein, actin common protein
provides inner strength for the cell

65
Q

What are mircotubules and what do they form during mitosis

A

proteins
forms cilla, flagella, centrioles, spinde fibers

66
Q

Which cell adhesion works like a snap and is common is tissue subjected to mechanical stress

A

spot desmosomes

67
Q

Which cell adhesion appears to weave cells together at the peripheral proteins

A

tight junctions

68
Q

Which type of cell adhesion matches channel proteins together and allows substances to flow easily between two adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

69
Q

What are the differences between the plant and animal cell

A

plants cells- autoptops: producders
a cellwall
plastids
large vacuole
plasmodesmata- connects cytoplasm of cells
animal cells: heterotrophs:consumers
centrioles
small vacuoles
lysomes

70
Q

What type of cell division is responsible for growth and repair of the body

A

mitosis

71
Q

What are the results of mitosis

A

2 identical daunghter cells
each is dipold or has 2 complete sets of chromesomes
one from mom
one from dad

72
Q

What does the term diploid mean

A

two hapiods

73
Q

What type of cell division is known as reduction division and what does this mean

A

meiosis

74
Q

What does the term haploid mean

A

half of one set

75
Q

What are the results of meiosis in animals

A

gametes(egg&sperm)

76
Q

What are the results of meiosis in plants

A

gametes(pollen &the ovle)

77
Q

define diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules from an area of high contradion, to an area to low concentration. creases when an equilibrium has reached

78
Q

what factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

spacing between atoms(surface area)
concenttradion gradient
size of particles
fastest in gases, slowest in solids

to increase: add heat or pressure
agitate the molecules

79
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable

80
Q

define what is meant by the term, selectively or semi-permeable membrane

A

selective permeability- some things can pass through the membrane while others cannot

81
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution

A

has the same concentration of particles as the interior of the cell
retain normal shape

82
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an hypotonic solution

A

has a lower concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“puffy, bigger”
water moves into the cell because the concentration of the water is high outside the cell and low inside the cell

83
Q

describe what happens to a cell in an hypertonic solution

A

has a higher concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“shriek, or small” cerate cells
cell lose water because the h2o concentration is less outside the cell & h20 moves from high to low

84
Q

describe what happened in a lab when elodea cells underwent plasmolysis. what kind of solution was the salt water?

A

the cells shierk, or became smaller, the type of solution it became was hypertonic

85
Q

what organelle removes the excess water that enters into freshwater protists?

A

contractile vaculoe, takes water up, pushes it out

86
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

retaining barrier for contents of the cell
regulates flow into/out of cell

87
Q

what is the currently accepted model of the plasma membrane called and what two scientists proposed it?

A

the fluid mosaic model, the two scientists who proposed it are singer and Nicholison

88
Q

what are 2 general types of proteins associated with the plasma membrane

A

integral proteins and peripheral proteins

89
Q

what is the function of the adhesion proteins of the plasma membrane and what do they form

A

the attachment of cells to one another.
forms cell junctions–tights, gap, and spot desmosomes

90
Q

what is the function of enzyme proteins

A

Catalyzes or speeds up reactions without being charged
they can’t be destroyed

91
Q

what is the receptor site proteins

A

bind to a particular substance outside of the cell, such as a hormone.
binging triggers a change in the cells activities

92
Q

what is the function of the recognition proteins? what is a sugar tag and what forms it?

A

forms unique tags for each individual or species
the tags are usually chains of sugars added to the protein in the Golgi apparatus; called a sugar tag
identifies molecules, cells, etc
helps white blood cells recognize foreign bodies for destruction

93
Q

how do passive transport proteins move ions into and out of the cell

A

Through the membrane channels, they move down the gradient. this requires no energy

94
Q

name 2 types of passive transport proteins

A

leak channels–always open
gated channel– has a receptor that opens its gate so ions can enter the cell

95
Q

describe the action of the active transport protein and give an example of it

A

moves ions against the gradient, or from low to high concentrations
ex. sodium-potassium pump

96
Q

what compound supplies the energy for active transport

A

ATP (GLUCOSE)

97
Q

what is HYPP? its effect on horses? the genotypes?

A

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
a genetic disorder that leads to the malformation of Na(sodium) channels in muscle tissue
produces abnormal muscle, even sudden death
3 genotypes- NN, NH, NN

98
Q

define endocytosis

A

into the cell

99
Q

define exocytosis

A

out of the cell

100
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

moves large particles into membrane-bound vacuoles

101
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

moves liquids into the cell

102
Q

describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

surface attracts and bind to molecules such as a hormone, vitamin, or mineral

103
Q

what organelle directs exocytosis

A

Golgi apparatus

Biology 1406 (11 decks)

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