Unit 2 Flashcards
What unit of measurement is used to determine the size of cells
Micrometers
Who improved the microscope and is considered the father of microscopy
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Who first describes the cell and what type of cells did he study?
Robert Hooke and he studied cork cells
State the principles of the cell theory
A.All life is made of cells; basic unit of life
B. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
C. Cell is a functional unit of life.
D. Cells contain DNA
What role did Matthias schleiden play in the development of cell theory
Botanist- all plants made of cells
What role did Theodor Schwann play in the development of cell theory?
zoologist- all animals made of cells
What role did Rudolf virchow play in the development of cell theory?
proposed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells
What role did louis Pasteur play in the development of cell theory
proved Virchow’s theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells
Describe the swan neck flask experiment and what theory did it prove
This one neck experiment is an experiment that contains two swan bottles, both containing a boiled broth like substance, where one of the neck of the bottles is broken, leaving it to be exposed to the air. The help to prove that all existing cells come from pre-existing.
Define resolution
Resolution is the ability to distinguished to objects that are close together
Define contrast
Using strains and varying light intensity to improve resolution
What is the light source in magnification range of the compound light?
A compound light is the type of microscope using the lab and it has incandescent light source
1000X magnification
What is the light source in the magnification rain range for the TEM
Electron microscope
Uses electrons to produce an image and its magnification range is 100,000 X to 300,000 X
What is the light source in the magnification range for scanning EM (SEM) microscopes?
Takes a three-dimensional view of its specimens
Magnification range 5,000 X
Define cytoplasm
Gel that contains all the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus
Define protoplasm
Gel that contains all the contents of the cell including the nucleus
Define organelle
Little organs; structures in the cytoplasm that carry out the functions of the cell
Describe the prokaryotic cell and give examples
Before nucleus
Cells do not have a true nucleus
Examples, bacteria and blue green algae
Describe the eukaryotic cell and give examples
True nucleus
These cells contain a true nucleus
Examples, most organisms on the plant
What are the only organelles associated with prokaryotic cells?
The cell wall
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
The nucleus
What nucleic acids associated with the nucleus?
DNA and RNA
What is the function of the nuclear membrane and how many layers does it contain?
Double by layer
Separates nuclear contents from the rest of the cell
Contains pores, which are the exits of all types of RNA
Which nucleic acid is defined to the nucleus, except during mitosis and helps form the chromosomes
DNA
What type of RNA is manufactured in the area of the nucleolus
RRNA
Nucleus is actively manufacturing it and attaching proteins to Ribsomal subunits
Where do all types of RNA exit when it leaves the nucleus
they exit thur the nucleus pores
Who discovered the ER?
Discovered by Keith Portler
Describe the rough ER
A system of bilayer and folded membranes
lumen- hollow cavity
cistemae- membrane disk
Covered in ribosomes that make proteins
What organelle is associated with the rough ER
ribosomes
What are the functions of the rough ER?
proteins enter for folding, quailty control, and exporting from the cell
Describe the smooth ER
Lacks ribsomes, and is more tubular in appearance
Describe the smooth ER
lacks ribosomes and is more tubular in appearance
What does smooth ER perform in the liver
detoxifles harmful molecules
What does the smooth ER perform in muscle cells
holds a lot of Ca ions used in muscle contractions
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Where are most ribosomes located?
Most ribosomes are located on the rough ER
Describe what the ribosome is made of
Have large and small subunit made of protein and r rna
Who discovered the Golgi apparatus
Camillo golgi
What are the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?
stores modifies, and packages secretary products
directs exocytosis or movement of large molecules out of the cell
packing and shipping of the cell
attaches sugar to proteins and lipids to form the glycolipids and glycoproteins
What is the primary job of the lysosomes
fuse with membrane-bound particles and break them into smaller components
digest worn-out organelles for recycling - autophagy
What is the job of the peroxisomes
detoxifies molecules like hydrogen peroxide into h20->h2o +o
Which organelle is involved in with cellular respiration or the production of ATP (motor of the cell)
mitochondrion
What is the summary equation of cellular respiration
C6 H16 O6 +6O2+ 38ADP +38P -> 6CO2 +6 H2O +38 ATP, net 36
What is the primary job of the centrioles and what cells contain them
found in pairs within animal cell
the focal point for the mitotic spindle but are not necessary for mitosis
What is the function of the vacuole in plant cell and what happens to the size of the vacuole as plant cell matures
water reservoir for photosynthesis
the vacuole increases in size as the plant cell matures
stores cell sap of plants which is primary water, some dissolved proteins, and sugars
What is cell sap made out of and what color pigments are dissolved in the vacuole of plants
water and some dissolved proteins and sugars.
What type of plastid stores chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
What is the summary equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+12H2O ——–>C6 H12 C6+ 6O2+ 6H2O
What type of plastids store starch
Amylopast
What type of plastid stores red, yellow and orange color pigments and give those colors to plant parts
chromoplast
What plastid is responsible for autumn coloration of leaves
chromoplast
What environmental conditions have to be met for this phenomenon to begin
cooler temperatures
shortening of daylight hours- light photo periods
How many layers form the plasma membrane and what is it made of
made of a bilayer of phospholipids and protein
What type of organisms have a cell wall
plants, fungi, bacterica
What is pectin
pectin is the glue in the middle lamella
What is lignin and what fossil fuel has it formed
lignite coal forms from lignin in the secondary cell walls of trees
What are some commercial uses of the cell walls of plants
paper
hemp-rope
rayon -fabic
wood products
Define tugor
stored water in the vacuole presses against the cell wall creating turgor pressure
What are the effects of tugor pressure
strengthens the interior of the plant body
if plants need watering, they will wilt and doop, but when rewatered the pressure builds
Having a cell wall once classified both bacteria and fungi as what type of organism
linnaeus
What is the cell wall of bacteria made of
murein( a protein)
What is the cell wall of fungi made of
chitin
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton
support, organization, movement
What are mircofilaments made of and what is their function in the cell
protein, actin common protein
provides inner strength for the cell
What are mircotubules and what do they form during mitosis
proteins
forms cilla, flagella, centrioles, spinde fibers
Which cell adhesion works like a snap and is common is tissue subjected to mechanical stress
spot desmosomes
Which cell adhesion appears to weave cells together at the peripheral proteins
tight junctions
Which type of cell adhesion matches channel proteins together and allows substances to flow easily between two adjacent cells
gap junctions
What are the differences between the plant and animal cell
plants cells- autoptops: producders
a cellwall
plastids
large vacuole
plasmodesmata- connects cytoplasm of cells
animal cells: heterotrophs:consumers
centrioles
small vacuoles
lysomes
What type of cell division is responsible for growth and repair of the body
mitosis
What are the results of mitosis
2 identical daunghter cells
each is dipold or has 2 complete sets of chromesomes
one from mom
one from dad
What does the term diploid mean
two hapiods
What type of cell division is known as reduction division and what does this mean
meiosis
What does the term haploid mean
half of one set
What are the results of meiosis in animals
gametes(egg&sperm)
What are the results of meiosis in plants
gametes(pollen &the ovle)
define diffusion
the random movement of molecules from an area of high contradion, to an area to low concentration. creases when an equilibrium has reached
what factors affect the rate of diffusion
spacing between atoms(surface area)
concenttradion gradient
size of particles
fastest in gases, slowest in solids
to increase: add heat or pressure
agitate the molecules
define osmosis
movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable
define what is meant by the term, selectively or semi-permeable membrane
selective permeability- some things can pass through the membrane while others cannot
describe what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution
has the same concentration of particles as the interior of the cell
retain normal shape
describe what happens to a cell in an hypotonic solution
has a lower concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“puffy, bigger”
water moves into the cell because the concentration of the water is high outside the cell and low inside the cell
describe what happens to a cell in an hypertonic solution
has a higher concentration of particles than the interior of the cell
“shriek, or small” cerate cells
cell lose water because the h2o concentration is less outside the cell & h20 moves from high to low
describe what happened in a lab when elodea cells underwent plasmolysis. what kind of solution was the salt water?
the cells shierk, or became smaller, the type of solution it became was hypertonic
what organelle removes the excess water that enters into freshwater protists?
contractile vaculoe, takes water up, pushes it out
what are the functions of the plasma membrane
retaining barrier for contents of the cell
regulates flow into/out of cell
what is the currently accepted model of the plasma membrane called and what two scientists proposed it?
the fluid mosaic model, the two scientists who proposed it are singer and Nicholison
what are 2 general types of proteins associated with the plasma membrane
integral proteins and peripheral proteins
what is the function of the adhesion proteins of the plasma membrane and what do they form
the attachment of cells to one another.
forms cell junctions–tights, gap, and spot desmosomes
what is the function of enzyme proteins
Catalyzes or speeds up reactions without being charged
they can’t be destroyed
what is the receptor site proteins
bind to a particular substance outside of the cell, such as a hormone.
binging triggers a change in the cells activities
what is the function of the recognition proteins? what is a sugar tag and what forms it?
forms unique tags for each individual or species
the tags are usually chains of sugars added to the protein in the Golgi apparatus; called a sugar tag
identifies molecules, cells, etc
helps white blood cells recognize foreign bodies for destruction
how do passive transport proteins move ions into and out of the cell
Through the membrane channels, they move down the gradient. this requires no energy
name 2 types of passive transport proteins
leak channels–always open
gated channel– has a receptor that opens its gate so ions can enter the cell
describe the action of the active transport protein and give an example of it
moves ions against the gradient, or from low to high concentrations
ex. sodium-potassium pump
what compound supplies the energy for active transport
ATP (GLUCOSE)
what is HYPP? its effect on horses? the genotypes?
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
a genetic disorder that leads to the malformation of Na(sodium) channels in muscle tissue
produces abnormal muscle, even sudden death
3 genotypes- NN, NH, NN
define endocytosis
into the cell
define exocytosis
out of the cell
describe phagocytosis
moves large particles into membrane-bound vacuoles
describe pinocytosis
moves liquids into the cell
describe receptor-mediated endocytosis
surface attracts and bind to molecules such as a hormone, vitamin, or mineral
what organelle directs exocytosis
Golgi apparatus
