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Biology 1406 > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process that converts solar energy into
chemical energ

A

Photosythasisi

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2
Q

interior tissue of the leaf and the
location of the chloroplasts

A

Mesophyll

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3
Q

are photosynthetic organs of plants

A

Leaves

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4
Q

organelles
in which photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplast

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5
Q

Photosynthesis is a

A

redox

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6
Q

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

A

Phtosythasis

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7
Q

Entire range of wavelengths produced is called the

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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8
Q

main photosynthetic
pigmen

A

Chlropghyll a

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9
Q

Chlorophyll b and Carotenoid
are

A

Accessory Pigments

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10
Q

capturing energy
– Chlorophyll absorbs light and the energy is
captured

A

light reactions

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11
Q

Synthesis of sugar
– The captured energy is used for endergonic
reactions.
– Remember: synthesis is work and requires ATP

A

Calvin Cycle

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12
Q

in the thylakoids

A

Light Reactions

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13
Q

Split H2O
– Release O2
– Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
– Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylatio

A

Light Reactions

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14
Q

(in the stroma)

A

Calvin Cycle

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15
Q

with carbon fixation, adding inorganic CO2
to make an organic molecule
– Endergonic process, requires the energy captured earlier

A

Calvin Cycle

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16
Q

Occur in the grana
– (stacks of thylakoids

A

Light Reactions

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17
Q

a reaction center (a type
of protein complex

A

Part 1 of a Photosystem

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18
Q

ght-harvesting
complexes (pigment
molecules bound to
proteins) that transfer the
energy of photons to the
reaction center

A

Part 2 of a photosytem

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19
Q

Chlorophyll molecules
are bound to
particular proteins

A

light-harvesting complexes

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20
Q

funnel the
energy of photons
(units of light) to the
reaction cente

A

Light harvesting Complexes

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21
Q

One of its electrons
gets bumped up to a
primary electron
acceptor

A

1st STEP oif light reactions

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22
Q

the reactions center loses an electron and
the primary acceptor receives it, an enzyme
splits water to provide a replacement electro

A

Part 2 of light reactions

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23
Q

Electron from water replaces the one
handed to primary electron acceptor
– Oxygen atoms combine, O2 given of

A

Partt 3

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24
Q

Electron passed from Primary Acceptor
to a Transport chain
– ATP generated (via chemiosmosis

A

Part 4

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25
Q

functions first (the numbers
reflect order of discovery)

A

Photosyetem 11

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26
Q

best at absorbing a
wavelength of 680 nm

A

Photosystems 2

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27
Q

is best at absorbing a
wavelength of 700 nm and is called P700

A

Photosytem 1

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28
Q

primary pathway of energy transformation
in the light reactions

A

Non-cyclic or Linear Electron flow

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29
Q

photo-excited electrons
take an alternative path

A

Cyclic electric flow

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30
Q

Only ATP is produced (no NADPH, no release
of O2

A

Cyclic Electric Flow

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31
Q

Forms sugar from
carbon dioxide
– uses ATP for energy
– and NADPH for
reducing power

A

Calvin Cycle

32
Q

uses ATP and NADPH to convert
CO2 to sugar

A

Calvin Cycle

33
Q

Carbon fixation
– Reduction (of CO2)
– Regeneration of the CO2 accepto

A

Calvin Cycle

34
Q

CO2 fixed by RUBISCO
– RuBP carboxylase

A

Calvin Cycle

35
Q

t captures inorganic carbon (CO2 fixation)
– Only an autotroph can fix carbon and make organics

A

RUBISCO

36
Q

is a function of
capillary action and evaporation

A

Transpiration

37
Q

This conserves water but limits access to CO2
– Oxygen builds up and substitutes for CO2
* Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO

A

hot, dry days, plants close their stomata

38
Q

Photorespiration is the negative result
– Rate of photosynthesis is reduced
– Releases CO2 and consumes ATP
* Opposite goal of photosynthesis, less efficient

A

Closing stomata

39
Q

move CO2 to cells deep in leaf (away from O2)
* Spatial solution to prevent photorespiration

A

C4 plants

40
Q

pre-collect CO2 (when stomata are open at night)
* Temporal solution to prevent loss of water and photorespiration

A

CAM

41
Q

Fix CO2 using different enzyme with less affinity
for oxygen, but then

A

C4

42
Q

Fix CO2 when water loss is not a problem:
at night when stomata are open

A

CAM

43
Q

A cell’s endowment of DNA
is called its

A

Genome

44
Q

DNA molecules in cells are packaged
into

A

Chromosomes

45
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are in the form of

A

Chromatinm

46
Q

The process by which chromosomes
(DNA molecules) are copied is called

A

DNA replication

47
Q

Chromatin condenses during

A

Cell Division

48
Q

Chromatids are separated during cell
division

A
49
Q

the phase during which the
cell is NOT dividing

A

Interphase

50
Q

the phase during which the
cell is NOT dividing

A

Mitosis

51
Q

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - Initial growth of the newly formed cell and
general metabolism

A

G1

52
Q

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - DNA is replicated (synthesized) during this
phase

A

S phase

53
Q

Interphase (3 sub-phases) - Final preparations for cell division
* Centrosomes divide
* Tubulin synthesis

A

G2

54
Q

Chromatin condenses,
becomes visible
– (sister chromatids formed during
interphase)
* Mitotic spindle is formed
* Nucleolus disappears
* Nuclear envelope breaks down

A

Prophase

55
Q

spindle arises
from the

A

Centrioles

56
Q

Attach to the
kinetochores of
chromosomes
– Kinetochore is a protein
attached to the
centromere region
– Sister chromatid
attached from each side

A

prometaphase

57
Q

Chromosomes are
moved and
aligned along the
‘equatorial plate

A

Metaphase

58
Q

Centromere connection
released
* Sister chromatids
separate
* Chromosomes move
toward opposite ends of
the cell

A

Anaphase

59
Q

Daughter nuclei
reform
– Nuclear envelope
reassembles
– Nucleolus reforms
– Chromosomes uncoils
and relaxes into
chromatin
* Cytokinesis occurs

A

Telophase

60
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce
by a type of cell division called

A

Binary Fission

61
Q

cell cycle is regulated by a

A

Molecular control system

62
Q

Cell “decides” to divide.
* Primary point for external signal
influence

A

G1 /s checkpoint

63
Q

Cell makes a commitment to mitosis.
* Assesses success of DNA replication

A

G2/ M checkpoint

64
Q

Cell ensures that all chromosomes are
attached to the spindle.

A

Spindle checkpoint

65
Q

Cyclins and
2. Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks)

A

Regulatory protiens

66
Q

enzymes that activate or
inactivate other proteins (by
phosphorylating them

A

Kinases

67
Q

Dependent on CYCLIN to become active

A

Cyclin dependedn kinases

68
Q

Proteins that fluctuate in concentration
– Accumulates during S and G2 phases

A

Cylcin

69
Q

Active comples formed calledd MPF

A
70
Q

Chemicals released by certain cells to stimulate
other cells to divide
– One type is released from platelets in blood
when tissue is damaged
* Cells in vicinity stimulated to divide
* Promotes healing of damaged t

A

Growth Factors

71
Q

is a process by which a healthy cell
becomes a cancer cel

A

Transformation

72
Q

Localized, non-invasive growth

A

Benign

73
Q

Invasive, grows into surrounding tissues

A

Malignant

74
Q

Malignant tumors invade surrounding
tissues and can metastasize

A

Cancer

75
Q

usually
continue to divide well beyond a
single layer, forming a clump of
overlapping cells.
(b)
Cell mass similar
to tumor

A

Cancer Cells

Biology 1406 (8 decks)

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