UNIT 1 Flashcards
The structural, functional, and
reproductive unit of life is the cell
Cell Theory
Sequence of taxa!
1st Leval of Taxa
Domain
Second level of taxa
Kingdom
3rd level of Taxa
Phylum
4th level
Class
5th Level of taxa
Order
6th level of taxa
Family
7th level of taxa
Genus
8th level of Taxa
Species
What is the broadest taxa
Domain
What are the 3 domains
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
search for information and explanation
Scientific Inquiry
seeks specifics based on general truths, tests hypotheses
* If general ‘truth’ is wrong, hypothesis is flawed
Deduction
tentative explanations of natural phenomena
– must be testable and falsifiable
– ‘if and then
Hypothosisi
uses specific observations to explain processes (make
generalizations) of nature, leads to hypothetical explanations
Induction
1 amu
*in atomic nucleus
*positive (+) charge
Proton
1 amu
* in nucleus
* no (neutral) charge
Nuetron
relatively no mass
* in orbitals surrounding nucleus
* negative (-) charg
Electron
Atoms with the same number of protons, different
number of neutrons
Isotopes
describe likely
position of electrons as they
move around the nucleus
Orbitals
represent energy levels
based on distance from
nucleus
Shells
Is the outermost energy level
Valence shell
Are the electrons found in the
valence shell
Valence electrons
The # of bonds an
atom will form
Valence
refers to an atom’s tendency to
fill its valence shell
Reactivity
Result when atoms share valence
electrons
Covalent Bonds
Are attractions based on opposite charge
Ionic bonds
Bonds between ‘polar’ molecules
Hydrogen
Two or more atoms covalently bonded forms a
Molocule
Strongest type of chemical
bond
Covalent
An atom’s pull on or attraction to electrons
Electronegativity
Bonds between atoms
with different degrees of electronegativity
Polar covalent bonds
The condition of having a partial
charge (separation of charge at opposite
ends
Polarity
Attraction between polar molecules
Hydrogen bonds
positive charge
– Fewer electrons than protons
Cations
negative charge
– More electrons than proton
Anions
Attraction based on opposite (full) charges
Ionic bonds
Any substance that donates a H+ to an
aqueous solution is an
Acid
A substance that removes H+ from an
aqueous solution is a
Base
The product of the concentrations of ions is
always equal to
10 TO THE -14
PH is
The H+
Lower the Ph h the higher the
Acidity
Nuetral Acidity is
7
Higher the ph
more basic
compounds that when added to a
solution resists a change in pH
Buffer
Repeating units of polymers are called
monomers
are simple sugars
– General formula is Cn(H2O)
* where n equals the number of carbons
– ‘a hydrate of carbon’
– May have up to 6 or 7 carbons in HC skeleton
Monosoachharides
Dehydration reaction yields a
——- connecting
2 monomers
glycosidic linkage
glucose and fructose
Sucrose
2 glucose monomers
Maltose
galactose and glucose
Lactose
Linkages of 100’s to
1000’s of glucoses
polysaccarides
types include: Starch, Glycogen, and
Cellulose
Polysaccharides
Large macromolecules used for storage
* Composed entirely glucose
Starch
Storage form used by animals
– excess glucose is stored
– found in liver and muscles
Glycogen
Structural component of plant cell walls
– Produce 100 billion tons per year(!)
– Most abundant organic material on Earth
Cellulose
Fats like triglycerides
– Phospholipids of membrane structure
– Sterols and steroids
– Waxy secretions like cuticle, sebu
Lipids
Amino group
– Carboxyl group
– Alpha carbon
– Variable ‘R’ component
What makes an amino acid
Sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
Hydrogen bonds form between repeating units
* alpha helix
* beta pleat
Secondary structure
Folding due to interactions of ‘R’ components
Tertiary Structure
Multiple peptides combine to make functional protein
Quarternary structure
Molecules that store hereditary
information and allow organisms to pass
info to next generation
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are polymers composed of
many
Nucleotides(monomers)
