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Biology 1406 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells are
the structural, functional, and reproductive units of life

A

Cell Theory

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2
Q

life from life

A

Biodeegenisiis

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3
Q

Scans the surface

A

Sem

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4
Q

Transmission penetrates
‘through’ structure

A

Tem

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5
Q

magnifies many thousand
times larger than actual size
* And improves resolution
TEM
SEM

A

EM

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6
Q

Most cells and cell parts are between how many microns

A

1-100 microns

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7
Q

Transport is both facilitated and limited by the

A

Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

The area of membrane must be great enough to meet needs
of cytoplasm’s metabolic requirements

A
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9
Q

Small
* Less structurally complex
* No nucleus

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

Large (relative to prokaryotes)
* Structurally complex
* Nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

Double membrane
* Nuclear ‘pores’ (points of
passage through membrane

A

Nuclear Envelope

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12
Q

Function as sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribsosomes

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13
Q

Provides compartmentalization of cytoplasm
– Segregation of function
– Isolates and concentrates reactants, enzymes
– Synthesis, modification, packaging

A

EMS

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14
Q

Internal membrane continuous with the
nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmac reticulum

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15
Q

involved in lipid synthesis
– Also in detoxification of poisons in liver cells
– Calcium storage in muscle cells

A

Smooth ER

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16
Q

produces protein
– Distributes protein into membranous
sacs called Vesicles

A

Rough Er

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17
Q

Prepares for shipment to destination inside or
outside (from the trans side

A

Gogli Apparatus

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18
Q

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

Plant cells have a
– Provides turgidity

A

Central Vacuole

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20
Q

Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)

A

Chloroplast

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22
Q

Energy Conversion Organelles
(not part of the EMS)

A

Perixomews

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23
Q

site of cellular respiration
– Double membrane
* Outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane
* Folds of the Inner membrane called Crista

A

Mitochondira

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24
Q

site of photosynthesis
– Double membrane organelle
– Inner membrane folded into sacs called Thylakoids
* Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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25
Q

A network of fibers throughout the cell
* Functions:
– Provide support, shape to cell
– Motility
– Cellular junctions

A

Cytoskeleton

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26
Q

contraction, crawling,
pinching

A

Microfilaments

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27
Q

cilia, flagella, centrioles
(mitotic spindle

A

Microtubles

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28
Q

between cells,
no leakage between
(as in epithelia cells
of the skin

A

Tight Junctions

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29
Q

lexible point attachments

A

Desmosomes

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30
Q

channels between cells
(nutrients like sugar
and amino acids may pass,
communication between cells

A

Gap funnctions

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31
Q

Connects cytoplasm in
plant cells
* Similar to ‘Gap
Junctions’ in animal cells

A

Plasmodesmata

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32
Q

integrated within the
phospholipid bilaye

A

Transmembrane

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33
Q

are associated with the inner
surface

A

Peripheral protiens

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34
Q

results in movement of

A

Molocules

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35
Q

defined as movement across a
permeable membrane

A

Transport

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36
Q

indicates movement of molecules is driven by
diffusion

A

Passive transport

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37
Q

have hydrophilic inner
‘tunnel’ thru which polar and ionic
molecules may pass unimpede

A

Channel protiens

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38
Q

attach and shuttle
molecules across membrane, undergo a
subtle shape chang

A

Carrrier protiens

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39
Q

the passive transport of H2O

A

Osmosisi

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40
Q

channel proteins that facilitate
H2O transport at high rate

A

Aquaporins

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41
Q

describes the direction of movement into or out of a
cell; a cell may gain or lose water depending on the
surrounding aqueous solution

A

Tonicity

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42
Q

solute concentration outside
cell is lower than solute inside of ce

A

Hypotonic

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43
Q

solute concentration
outside of cell is higher than solute inside cell

A

Hypertonic

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44
Q

Red blood cell in marine water shrinks and
shrivels up (crenate

A

Hypertonic

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45
Q

Metabolic energy is used to pump molecules
across the membrane
* against the gradient, or
* at a rate GREATER than the rate of
diffusion

A

Active Transport

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46
Q

allows cells to maintain
concentration gradients that differ from their
surroundings

A

Active Transport

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47
Q

transport protein that
generates voltage across a membrane

A

electrogenic pump

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48
Q

pumps help store energy that can
be used for cellular work

A

Electrogenic Pumps

49
Q

Bulk transport across the plasma membrane
occurs by

A

Exocytosisi and endocytosis

50
Q

transport vesicles migrate to
the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and
release their contents

A

exocytosis

51
Q

the cell takes in
macromolecules by forming new vesicles
from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

52
Q

Energy may be transformed or transferred,
but neither created nor destroyed

A

First Law Of Thermodynamics

53
Q

With each energy transformation and
transferral, some energy will be transformed
into thermal energy

A

Second Law

54
Q

Energy available to do work (G) i

A

Free Energy

55
Q

release free energy
– products have less free energy than reactants
– products are more stable than reactants

A

Spontaneous reactions

56
Q

Only ______can be used to do work

A

Spontaneous reactions

57
Q

Reactions that release energy are

A

Exergonic Reactions

58
Q

Energy stored in chemical bonds is
released when bonds are broken

A

Exergonic Reactions

59
Q

reactions require an input of
energy

A

Endergonic

60
Q

Bonds are formed, energy input, stored

A

Endergonic reactions

61
Q

is the breaking down of
complex molecules
– Bonds broken, energy released (exergonic
rxs)
– Produces metabolites

A

Catobolism

62
Q

is the building of complex
molecules from smaller components
– Bonds are formed, energy input (endergonic
rxs)
– Uses metabolites

A

Anabolism

63
Q

The transfer of a phosphate
group to reactant molecule, making it more
reactive (less stable

A

Phosphorolation

64
Q

regeneration
of ATP from ADP and phosphate

A

Catoblic reactions

65
Q

any substance that increases
the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

66
Q

Organic catalysts utilized by
biological systems to increase the rate of
metabolic reaction

A

Enzymes

67
Q

Is the reactant an enzyme acts on

A

The substrate

68
Q

Forms when the enzyme binds to its substrate

A

enzyme-substrate complex

69
Q

Temperature
– pH
– Concentration of substrate
– Presence of regulators

A

activity of an enzyme is affected by
general environmental factors

70
Q

Regulation of enzymes is means of
regulation of

A

Metabolsim

71
Q

activate
or inhibit enzyme activity from
site other than active sit

A

Allosteric Regulators

72
Q

catabolism of
glucose

A

C ellular Respiration

73
Q

Breakdown of glucose is coupled to

A

the
synthesis of ATP

74
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP is COUPLED

A

to cellular
work
– transport, mechanical, chemical work

75
Q

Coenzymes are organic

A

Cofactors

76
Q

to ‘shuttle or
carry’ item downstream in pathway

A

Coenzymes

77
Q

Oxygen is

A

highly electronegative

78
Q

causes the oxidation of another molecule
– becomes reduced in the process
– oxygen is NEVER oxidized, nothing pulls
electrons from it

A

Oxygen

79
Q

A series of redox reactions transfer pairs of
electrons from one molecule to another

A

ETS

80
Q

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

81
Q

Pathway divided into 3 stages
– Glycolysis
– Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle)
– Electron Transport System (ETS)

A

ACR

82
Q

Glucose enters cell by Facilitated Diffusion
* Enzymes in cytoplasm catalyze the splitting of
glucose (lysis)
* One C-6 molecule → Two C-3 molecules

A

Glycolosis

83
Q

As glucose is split, electrons are removed
(first Redox reaction)
* There to accept the electrons are molecules
of the coenzyme NAD+ (first reduction rx)
* Product of reduction is NADH
– NAD+ + 2e- (plus a proton)→ NAD

A

Oxidation of Glucose

84
Q

TP is formed by ‘phosphorylating’ ADP
– Source of phosphate varies
* If transferred from organic (substrate):
– substrate-level phosphorylation
– as in glycolysi

A

Phsoporolation

85
Q

Glucose (C6) + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ →
2 Pyruvate (C3) + 2 NADH + 4 ATP

A

Glycolosisi

86
Q

Pyruvate (C3) is oxidized as it is transported into the mitochondrion (matrix) – transition stage

A

Krebs Cycle

87
Q

Carboxyl groups are removed
– CO2 molecules produced and released as waste
2nd Stage

A

Krebs

88
Q

This type of reaction is a DECARBOXYLATION
Rx

A

Krebs

89
Q

Oxidizes the acetyl group from pyruvate
– Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondri

A

Citric Acid Cycle ( Krebs)

90
Q

2 Pyruvate (C3) → 6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
+ 2 ATP + 6 NADH* + 2FADH2

A

Krebs Cycle

91
Q

Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules
embedded in the CRISTAE

A

3rds stage of Aerobic respiation

92
Q

These molecules receive electrons handed off from the
coenzyme

A

ETC

93
Q

Final
Electron Acceptor

A

Oxygen

94
Q

The energy released in thel’
transfer is INDIRECTLY used to
synthesize ATP

A

Downhill

95
Q

Chemiosmosis is coupled DIRECTLY to

A

ATP Sythasis

96
Q

Electron Transport Chain is INDIRECTLY used to

A

Sythasisi ATP

97
Q

energy released by the electron transport chain
(Redox) is used to transport (pump) H+ across the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

Chemiosmosis

98
Q

he
driving force the results from
the electrochemical gradient

A

Proton Motive Force

99
Q

Electrons (from numerous coenzymes) + 2 O2 →2 H2O
+ Energy (26 to 28 ATP)

A

ETS

100
Q

ATP from glycolysis

A

2

101
Q

ATP From Krebs Cycle

A

2

102
Q

ATP (from ETS)

A

26 to 28

103
Q

Glucose + 2NAD+ +2ATP → 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 4ATP

A

Alohol fermentation

104
Q

A phospholipid bilayer that encloses the entire organelle.

A

Outer membrane

105
Q

A second phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the stroma,
which is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

A

Inner mEMBRANE

106
Q

Name the organelles found in a plant cell that are NOT found in animal cells.

A

Chloroplasts, Cell wall, Large central vacuole, Plasmodesmata, Amyloplasts.

107
Q

The space inside the inner membrane that contains mitochondrial
DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, which is also
involved in producing ATP.

A

Matrix

108
Q

The —– is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments
present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.

A

Cytoskeleton

109
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP IS

A

EXERGONIC

110
Q

moving against gravity. Not a free fall

A

Mechanical:

111
Q

movement across a membrane. Diffusion driven
transport. Not all transport is work

A

Transport

112
Q

Endergonic chemical reactions that require energy. Dehydration
reactions.

A

Chemical

113
Q

Energy (like money) may be ‘invested’ to increase ‘yield’
2 ATP’s are used (investment), but 4 ATP’s are produced (yield)
-2 ATP plus 4 ATP = 2 ATP (net yield)
Excellent investment (double your money)

A
114
Q

Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules embedded in the

A

Chrstae

115
Q

The energy released by the electron transport chain (Redox) is used to transport
(pump) H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

Chemiosmosisi

116
Q

source of potential energy used to drive
ATP synthesis (an endergonic reaction)

A

Electrochemical gradient

117
Q

the driving force the results from the electrochemical
gradient

A

Proton motive force

118
Q

As the H+ diffuse back, (thru the enzyme ATP synthase) energy is released and
used to drive the endergonic reaction:
ADP + P →ATP

A
119
Q

As the H+ diffuse back, (thru the enzyme ATP synthase) energy is released and
used to drive the endergonic reaction:
ADP + P →ATP

A

Biology 1406 (8 decks)

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