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Psychology 121 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving

A

Personality

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2
Q

Focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories in human behavior

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

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3
Q

the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses

A

Id

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4
Q

our sense of morality and oughts

A

superego

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5
Q

the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality

A

ego

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6
Q

unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a positive self-image

A

Defense mechanisms

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7
Q

Oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Birth to 8 months, pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting, and chewing.

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8
Q

Anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

18 months to 3 years, pleasure comes from bowel and bladder elimination and the constraints of toilet training.

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9
Q

Phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

3 years to 6 years, pleasure comes from the genitals, and the conflict is with sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent.

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10
Q

Latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

6 years to puberty, sexual feelings are less important and are repressed as children focus on learning important skills.

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11
Q

Genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Puberty and older, if prior stages have been properly reached, mature sexual orientation develops

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12
Q

emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth (free-will) and positive human qualities

A

Humanistic perspective

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13
Q

Self-concept

A

beliefs about who we are

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14
Q

Self-esteem

A

positive feelings about self

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15
Q

an individual’s need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of behavior.

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

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16
Q

the standards people must live up to in order to receive positive regard.

A

conditions of worth

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17
Q

Trait perspective

A

Gordon Allport’s idea. He came to define personality based on traits relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. Basically, personality is based on small traits.

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18
Q

Big five-factor model

A

Classified personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

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19
Q

Projective test

A

Reveal the hidden unconscious mind through inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences.

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20
Q

TAT Test

A

a projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them of people, either alone or with others

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21
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external situational factors outside of their control

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22
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and a reduction in the usual social constraints on our behavior. Anonymous people lose a sense of personal responsibility.

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23
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inconsistent with our attitudes

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24
Q

a change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us

A

Conformity

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25
Q

The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships

A

Stereotyping

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26
Q

negative feelings we have about people because of their appearance or group memberships

A

Prejudice

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27
Q

behaviors toward others based on prejudice

A

Discrimination

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28
Q

When our expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward them in ways that make those beliefs come true

A

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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29
Q

people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction

A

matching hypothesis

30
Q

Consummate love

A

Strongest form of love; has a balance of intimacy, passion, and commitment

31
Q

Stanley Milgram’s findings on conformity experiment

A

65% of the participants continued giving the shock to the “learner” all the way up to the 450 volts maximum. He concluded that under the right circumstances, ordinary people will obey unjust orders.

32
Q

Improving intergroup relations

A

Desegregation; contact is best if groups think they are of equal status, feel an authority figure approves positive relations, anticipate emergent friendship, engage in cooperative tasks

33
Q

How do we define abnormality?

A

Abnormality is just what our culture believes to be unusual behavior. There is no objective norm.

34
Q

Medical model / biological approach

A

disorders have biological origins (genetics, brain differences)

35
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

36
Q

ADHD

A

behavior disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, in which symptoms are present before 12 years of age

37
Q

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal for at least 6 months.

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

38
Q

a psychological disorder characterized by sudden attacks of anxiety and terror, known as panic attacks, that have led to significant behavioral changes in the person’s life

A

Panic disorder

39
Q

unreasonable fears of a clearly identified object or situation

A

Specific phobia

40
Q

Extreme discomfort in social situations due to a fear of being negatively evaluated by others or humiliating oneself

A

Social phobia

41
Q

a psychological disorder that is diagnosed when an individual continuously experiences distressing or frightening thoughts and then engages in repetitive behaviors

A

OCD

42
Q

Most common OCD compulsion

A

Excessive hand-washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming.

43
Q

People with this feel stress and fear that cause distress and interfere with their lives after having been exposed to a traumatic event

A

PTSD

44
Q

A mental disorder characterized by significant distress or impairment in important areas of function

A

Major Depressive Disorder

45
Q

characterized by swings in mood and activity from overly high and energetic to sad and fatigued, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood and energy in between

A

Bipolar Disorder

46
Q

a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

A

Schizophrenia

47
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceiving things that are not there, aka imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus

48
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality.

49
Q

Negative symptoms

A

refer to the loss or deterioration of thoughts and behavior of typical functioning

50
Q

Positive symptoms

A

refer to the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences that are not observed in other people

51
Q

disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

52
Q

maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

A

BPD

53
Q

Psychotherapy; these include psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapeutic approaches

A

Psychological Approach to Therapy

54
Q

Based on the use of medications to treat mental disorders, as well as the employment of brain intervention techniques (like ECT and TMS)

A

Biomedical approach

55
Q

focuses on changing the social environment in which individuals live to reduce the underlying causes of disorders. These approaches include group, couples, and family therapy, as well as community outreach programs

A

Social approach to therapy

56
Q

Psychotherapy

A

a person with a psychological problem talks with a trained psychological professional

57
Q

The therapist helps the patient explore early childhood relationships and the unconscious mind of the individual

A

Psychodynamic Therapy

58
Q

Free association

A

The therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship or filtering

59
Q

Transference

A

The patient unconsciously redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship with the therapist

60
Q

An unconscious refusal to accept new understandings in therapy

A

Resistance

61
Q

an approach to treatment in which the client is helped to grow and develop. The therapist provides a comfortable, nonjudgmental environment.

A

Client-centered therapy

62
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

63
Q

Behavior Therapy (main goal)

A

Aims to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors

64
Q

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A

aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)

65
Q

Aversive conditioning (aversion therapy)

A

pair undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli

66
Q

psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorders

A

Cognitive Therapy

67
Q

Common antianxiety medications

A

Xanax, Valium, and Ativan, along with antidepressants

68
Q

Common Antidepressants

A

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

69
Q

Drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

A

Antipsychotic Medications

70
Q

a medical procedure designed to alleviate mental health disorders in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

71
Q

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to improve a mental health disorder

A

Psychosurgery

Psychology 121 (5 decks)

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