Unit 3

Question 1

An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories in human behavior

Answer 2

Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 3

the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses

Answer 3

Id

Question 4

our sense of morality and oughts

Answer 4

superego

Question 5

the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality

Answer 5

ego

Question 6

unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a positive self-image

Answer 6

Defense mechanisms

Question 7

Oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 7

Birth to 8 months, pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting, and chewing.

Question 8

Anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 8

18 months to 3 years, pleasure comes from bowel and bladder elimination and the constraints of toilet training.

Question 9

Phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 9

3 years to 6 years, pleasure comes from the genitals, and the conflict is with sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent.

Question 10

Latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 10

6 years to puberty, sexual feelings are less important and are repressed as children focus on learning important skills.

Question 11

Genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 11

Puberty and older, if prior stages have been properly reached, mature sexual orientation develops

Question 12

emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth (free-will) and positive human qualities

Answer 12

Humanistic perspective

Question 13

Self-concept

Answer 13

beliefs about who we are

Question 14

Self-esteem

Answer 14

positive feelings about self

Question 15

an individual’s need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of behavior.

Answer 15

Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 16

the standards people must live up to in order to receive positive regard.

Answer 16

conditions of worth

Question 17

Trait perspective

Answer 17

Gordon Allport’s idea. He came to define personality based on traits relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. Basically, personality is based on small traits.

Question 18

Big five-factor model

Answer 18

Classified personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

Question 19

Projective test

Answer 19

Reveal the hidden unconscious mind through inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences.

Question 20

TAT Test

Answer 20

a projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them of people, either alone or with others

Question 21

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 21

an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external situational factors outside of their control

Question 22

Deindividuation

Answer 22

The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and a reduction in the usual social constraints on our behavior. Anonymous people lose a sense of personal responsibility.

Question 23

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 23

The discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inconsistent with our attitudes

Question 24

a change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us

Answer 24

Conformity

Question 25

The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships

Answer 25

Stereotyping

Question 26

negative feelings we have about people because of their appearance or group memberships

Answer 26

Prejudice

Question 27

behaviors toward others based on prejudice

Answer 27

Discrimination

Question 28

When our expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward them in ways that make those beliefs come true

Answer 28

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Question 29

people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction

Answer 29

matching hypothesis

Question 30

Consummate love

Answer 30

Strongest form of love; has a balance of intimacy, passion, and commitment

Question 31

Stanley Milgram’s findings on conformity experiment

Answer 31

65% of the participants continued giving the shock to the “learner” all the way up to the 450 volts maximum. He concluded that under the right circumstances, ordinary people will obey unjust orders.

Question 32

Improving intergroup relations

Answer 32

Desegregation; contact is best if groups think they are of equal status, feel an authority figure approves positive relations, anticipate emergent friendship, engage in cooperative tasks

Question 33

How do we define abnormality?

Answer 33

Abnormality is just what our culture believes to be unusual behavior. There is no objective norm.

Question 34

Medical model / biological approach

Answer 34

disorders have biological origins (genetics, brain differences)

Question 35

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 35

Interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Question 36

ADHD

Answer 36

behavior disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, in which symptoms are present before 12 years of age

Question 37

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal for at least 6 months.

Answer 37

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question 38

a psychological disorder characterized by sudden attacks of anxiety and terror, known as panic attacks, that have led to significant behavioral changes in the person’s life

Answer 38

Panic disorder

Question 39

unreasonable fears of a clearly identified object or situation

Answer 39

Specific phobia

Question 40

Extreme discomfort in social situations due to a fear of being negatively evaluated by others or humiliating oneself

Answer 40

Social phobia

Question 41

a psychological disorder that is diagnosed when an individual continuously experiences distressing or frightening thoughts and then engages in repetitive behaviors

Answer 41

OCD

Question 42

Most common OCD compulsion

Answer 42

Excessive hand-washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming.

Question 43

People with this feel stress and fear that cause distress and interfere with their lives after having been exposed to a traumatic event

Answer 43

PTSD

Question 44

A mental disorder characterized by significant distress or impairment in important areas of function

Answer 44

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 45

characterized by swings in mood and activity from overly high and energetic to sad and fatigued, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood and energy in between

Answer 45

Bipolar Disorder

Question 46

a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

Answer 46

Schizophrenia

Question 47

Hallucinations

Answer 47

Perceiving things that are not there, aka imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus

Question 48

Delusions

Answer 48

false beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality.

Question 49

Negative symptoms

Answer 49

refer to the loss or deterioration of thoughts and behavior of typical functioning

Question 50

Positive symptoms

Answer 50

refer to the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences that are not observed in other people

Question 51

disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

Answer 51

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 52

maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

Answer 52

BPD

Question 53

Psychotherapy; these include psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapeutic approaches

Answer 53

Psychological Approach to Therapy

Question 54

Based on the use of medications to treat mental disorders, as well as the employment of brain intervention techniques (like ECT and TMS)

Answer 54

Biomedical approach

Question 55

focuses on changing the social environment in which individuals live to reduce the underlying causes of disorders. These approaches include group, couples, and family therapy, as well as community outreach programs

Answer 55

Social approach to therapy

Question 56

Psychotherapy

Answer 56

a person with a psychological problem talks with a trained psychological professional

Question 57

The therapist helps the patient explore early childhood relationships and the unconscious mind of the individual

Answer 57

Psychodynamic Therapy

Question 58

Free association

Answer 58

The therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship or filtering

Question 59

Transference

Answer 59

The patient unconsciously redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship with the therapist

Question 60

An unconscious refusal to accept new understandings in therapy

Answer 60

Resistance

Question 61

an approach to treatment in which the client is helped to grow and develop. The therapist provides a comfortable, nonjudgmental environment.

Answer 61

Client-centered therapy

Question 62

Humanistic therapy

Answer 62

aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

Question 63

Behavior Therapy (main goal)

Answer 63

Aims to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors

Question 64

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Answer 64

aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)

Question 65

Aversive conditioning (aversion therapy)

Answer 65

pair undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli

Question 66

psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorders

Answer 66

Cognitive Therapy

Question 67

Common antianxiety medications

Answer 67

Xanax, Valium, and Ativan, along with antidepressants

Question 68

Common Antidepressants

Answer 68

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

Question 69

Drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

Answer 69

Antipsychotic Medications

Question 70

a medical procedure designed to alleviate mental health disorders in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure

Answer 70

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Question 71

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to improve a mental health disorder

Answer 71

Psychosurgery