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Psychology 121 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is psychology rooted in philosophy?

A

Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are connected, and that knowledge grows from experience.

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2
Q

_________ is often regarded as the “founding father” of modern psychology. He believed in structuralism.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

Used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or structures of psychological experience. It was the the first school of psychology.

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

Looking inward to understand the structures of the mind.

A

Introspection

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5
Q

American psychologist that established the school of functionalism

A

William James

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6
Q

Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess. Focused on the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.

A

Functionalism

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7
Q

The interaction between biology and emotions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A

Biological Approach

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8
Q

Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

A

Behavioral Approach

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9
Q

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior.

A

Psychodynamic Approach

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10
Q

Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth (like self-actualization).

A

Humanistic Approach

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11
Q

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments

A

Cognitive Approach

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12
Q

Broad idea that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

A

Theory

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13
Q

A testable prediction (often prompted by a theory) to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory.

A

Hypothesis

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14
Q

Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.
A description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.

A

Operational Definition

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15
Q

One or more individuals are studied in depth. (Genie the wild child–never learned language)

A

Case Study

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16
Q

Questions administered through either an interview or a written questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a sample of people of interest. Survey a representative sample from the population of interest.

A

Survey

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17
Q

Shows the relationship between traits or behaviors and how well one predicts another.

A

Correlational Research

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18
Q

A measure of the relationship between two variables, can be positive+ or negative-

A

Correlation

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19
Q

Something is a reason why something else happens

A

Causation

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20
Q

The only way to show cause and effect. Research in which initial equivalence among research participants in more than one group is created, followed by a manipulation of a given experience for these groups and a measurement of the influence of the manipulation.

A

Experimental Method

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21
Q

Each participant is assigned to a group through a random process, such as drawing numbers or using a random number table. Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups.

A

Random Assignment

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22
Q

A factor manipulated by the experimenter. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study and is a potential cause.

A

Independent Variable

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23
Q

A factor that may change in response to an independent variable. In psychology, it is usually a behavior or a mental process.

A

Dependent Variable

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24
Q

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior or the outcome.

A

Placebo Effect

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25
Q

Both the researcher and the research participants are unaware of which subjects are receiving the active treatment.

A

Double Blind Experiment

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26
Q

Collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma

A

Dendrites

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27
Q

Contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive.

A

Cell Body (soma)

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28
Q

Transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands.

A

Axon

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29
Q

A layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal

A

Myelin Sheath

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30
Q

Change in electrical charge that occurs in a neuron when a nerve impulse is transmitted

A

Action potential

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31
Q

State in which the interior of the neuron contains a greater number of negatively charged ions than does the area outside the cell. Essentially, nothing happens.

A

Resting potential

32
Q

The gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

A

Synapses

33
Q

Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

A

Serotonin

34
Q

Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

A

Dopamine

35
Q

Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory

A

Acetylcholine

36
Q

Oldest part of the brain, it is the first part of the brain to develop; controls autonomic functions

A

Brainstem

37
Q

The bottom of the brainstem. It controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

A

Medulla

38
Q

Helps coordinate voluntary movements such as playing a sport, balance, and posture.

A

Cerebellum (“little brain”)

39
Q

Consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

A

Amygdala

40
Q

Important in forming and storing information in long-term memory.

A

Hippocampus

41
Q

Directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual behavior. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

Located from the middle to the back of the skull, and responsible primarily for processing information about touch and taste.

A

Parietal Lobes

43
Q

Primarily responsible for thinking, planning, memory, and judgment.

A

Frontal Lobes

44
Q

Located at the very back of the skull, and processes visual information.

A

Occipital Lobes

45
Q

Located at the sides of the brain and responsible for hearing, language, and memory. It includes the auditory cortex.

A

Temporal Lobes

46
Q

Receives information from the skin’s sensory receptors (pain, warmth, cold, touch) and the senses that pertain to body position and movement.

A

Somatosensory cortex

47
Q

The part of the cortex that controls and executes movements of the body by sending signals to the cerebellum and the spinal cord.

A

Motor Cortex

48
Q

Strokes or trauma to Broca’s area or Wernicke’ area can result in __________, an impairment in the use of language.

A

Aphasia

49
Q

In the left frontal lobe controls facial movements and the production of language.

A

Broca’s Area

50
Q

In the left temporal lobe and is responsible for understanding speech.

A

Wernicke’s Area

51
Q

Connects the two halves of the brain and supports communication between the hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

52
Q

The brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage

A

Neuroplasticity

53
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

54
Q

Made up of the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

A

Peripheral nervous system

55
Q

Controls self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

56
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

57
Q

Involved with arousal and fight or flight symptoms

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

58
Q

Involved with calming sensations; when your body is in a resting state

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

59
Q

Carries information from the sensory receptors

A

Afferent (sensory) Nerves

60
Q

Transmits information to the muscles and glands, perform duties that Afferent nerves tell them

A

Efferent (motor) Nerves

61
Q

“Slow” chemical communication system. Hormones made by glands carry out communication

A

Endocrine System

62
Q

Chemical messengers running through our bloodstream

A

Hormones

63
Q

Our master gland; in charge of hormones

A

Pituitary Gland

64
Q

Biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep on a 24-hour cycle.

A

Circadian Rhythm

65
Q

Helps with regulating our circadian rhythm. When stimulated by light, it tells the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin, making us feel awake in the day.

A

Superchiasmatic nucleus

66
Q

Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to…

A

decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at nightfall.

67
Q

During stage 1 of sleep…

A

theta and alpha waves appear. You may experience hypnagogic images or hallucinations.

68
Q

In Stage 2 of sleep…

A

sleep spindles—bursts of rapid brain wave activity—appear. Sleep talking may occur.

69
Q

Stage 3 is…

A

a transitional stage into the deepest sleep of Stage 4.

70
Q

During stage 4…

A

the largest and slowest delta waves roll in. A person in these stages is difficult to awaken. Children often wet the bed or sleepwalk during this stage.

71
Q

A sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming

A

REM sleep

72
Q

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.

A

Insomnia Disorder

73
Q

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

A

Narcolepsy Disorder

74
Q

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.

A

Apnea

75
Q

the remembered storyline of a dream

A

Manifest content of dreams

76
Q

the underlying meaning of a dream

A

Latent content of dreams

Psychology 121 (5 decks)

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