Unit 1

Question 1

How is psychology rooted in philosophy?

Answer 1

Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are connected, and that knowledge grows from experience.

Question 2

_________ is often regarded as the “founding father” of modern psychology. He believed in structuralism.

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 3

Used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or structures of psychological experience. It was the the first school of psychology.

Answer 3

Structuralism

Question 4

Looking inward to understand the structures of the mind.

Answer 4

Introspection

Question 5

American psychologist that established the school of functionalism

Answer 5

William James

Question 6

Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess. Focused on the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.

Answer 6

Functionalism

Question 7

The interaction between biology and emotions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Answer 7

Biological Approach

Question 8

Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

Answer 8

Behavioral Approach

Question 9

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior.

Answer 9

Psychodynamic Approach

Question 10

Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth (like self-actualization).

Answer 10

Humanistic Approach

Question 11

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments

Answer 11

Cognitive Approach

Question 12

Broad idea that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

Answer 12

Theory

Question 13

A testable prediction (often prompted by a theory) to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory.

Answer 13

Hypothesis

Question 14

Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.
A description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.

Answer 14

Operational Definition

Question 15

One or more individuals are studied in depth. (Genie the wild child–never learned language)

Answer 15

Case Study

Question 16

Questions administered through either an interview or a written questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a sample of people of interest. Survey a representative sample from the population of interest.

Answer 16

Survey

Question 17

Shows the relationship between traits or behaviors and how well one predicts another.

Answer 17

Correlational Research

Question 18

A measure of the relationship between two variables, can be positive+ or negative-

Answer 18

Correlation

Question 19

Something is a reason why something else happens

Answer 19

Causation

Question 20

The only way to show cause and effect. Research in which initial equivalence among research participants in more than one group is created, followed by a manipulation of a given experience for these groups and a measurement of the influence of the manipulation.

Answer 20

Experimental Method

Question 21

Each participant is assigned to a group through a random process, such as drawing numbers or using a random number table. Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups.

Answer 21

Random Assignment

Question 22

A factor manipulated by the experimenter. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study and is a potential cause.

Answer 22

Independent Variable

Question 23

A factor that may change in response to an independent variable. In psychology, it is usually a behavior or a mental process.

Answer 23

Dependent Variable

Question 24

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior or the outcome.

Answer 24

Placebo Effect

Question 25

Both the researcher and the research participants are unaware of which subjects are receiving the active treatment.

Answer 25

Double Blind Experiment

Question 26

Collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma

Answer 26

Dendrites

Question 27

Contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive.

Answer 27

Cell Body (soma)

Question 28

Transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands.

Answer 28

Axon

Question 29

A layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal

Answer 29

Myelin Sheath

Question 30

Change in electrical charge that occurs in a neuron when a nerve impulse is transmitted

Answer 30

Action potential

Question 31

State in which the interior of the neuron contains a greater number of negatively charged ions than does the area outside the cell. Essentially, nothing happens.

Answer 31

Resting potential

Question 32

The gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Answer 32

Synapses

Question 33

Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Answer 33

Serotonin

Question 34

Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Answer 34

Dopamine

Question 35

Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

Oldest part of the brain, it is the first part of the brain to develop; controls autonomic functions

Answer 36

Brainstem

Question 37

The bottom of the brainstem. It controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

Answer 37

Medulla

Question 38

Helps coordinate voluntary movements such as playing a sport, balance, and posture.

Answer 38

Cerebellum ("little brain")

Question 39

Consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

Important in forming and storing information in long-term memory.

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

Directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual behavior. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Answer 41

Hypothalamus

Question 42

Located from the middle to the back of the skull, and responsible primarily for processing information about touch and taste.

Answer 42

Parietal Lobes

Question 43

Primarily responsible for thinking, planning, memory, and judgment.

Answer 43

Frontal Lobes

Question 44

Located at the very back of the skull, and processes visual information.

Answer 44

Occipital Lobes

Question 45

Located at the sides of the brain and responsible for hearing, language, and memory. It includes the auditory cortex.

Answer 45

Temporal Lobes

Question 46

Receives information from the skin’s sensory receptors (pain, warmth, cold, touch) and the senses that pertain to body position and movement.

Answer 46

Somatosensory cortex

Question 47

The part of the cortex that controls and executes movements of the body by sending signals to the cerebellum and the spinal cord.

Answer 47

Motor Cortex

Question 48

Strokes or trauma to Broca's area or Wernicke' area can result in __________, an impairment in the use of language.

Answer 48

Aphasia

Question 49

In the left frontal lobe controls facial movements and the production of language.

Answer 49

Broca's Area

Question 50

In the left temporal lobe and is responsible for understanding speech.

Answer 50

Wernicke's Area

Question 51

Connects the two halves of the brain and supports communication between the hemispheres.

Answer 51

Corpus Callosum

Question 52

The brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage

Answer 52

Neuroplasticity

Question 53

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 53

Central Nervous System

Question 54

Made up of the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Answer 54

Peripheral nervous system

Question 55

Controls self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands

Answer 55

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 56

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Answer 56

Somatic Nervous System

Question 57

Involved with arousal and fight or flight symptoms

Answer 57

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 58

Involved with calming sensations; when your body is in a resting state

Answer 58

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 59

Carries information from the sensory receptors

Answer 59

Afferent (sensory) Nerves

Question 60

Transmits information to the muscles and glands, perform duties that Afferent nerves tell them

Answer 60

Efferent (motor) Nerves

Question 61

"Slow” chemical communication system. Hormones made by glands carry out communication

Answer 61

Endocrine System

Question 62

Chemical messengers running through our bloodstream

Answer 62

Hormones

Question 63

Our master gland; in charge of hormones

Answer 63

Pituitary Gland

Question 64

Biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep on a 24-hour cycle.

Answer 64

Circadian Rhythm

Question 65

Helps with regulating our circadian rhythm. When stimulated by light, it tells the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin, making us feel awake in the day.

Answer 65

Superchiasmatic nucleus

Question 66

Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to...

Answer 66

decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at nightfall.

Question 67

During stage 1 of sleep...

Answer 67

theta and alpha waves appear. You may experience hypnagogic images or hallucinations.

Question 68

In Stage 2 of sleep...

Answer 68

sleep spindles—bursts of rapid brain wave activity—appear. Sleep talking may occur.

Question 69

Stage 3 is...

Answer 69

a transitional stage into the deepest sleep of Stage 4.

Question 70

During stage 4...

Answer 70

the largest and slowest delta waves roll in. A person in these stages is difficult to awaken. Children often wet the bed or sleepwalk during this stage.

Question 71

A sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming

Answer 71

REM sleep

Question 72

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.

Answer 72

Insomnia Disorder

Question 73

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

Answer 73

Narcolepsy Disorder

Question 74

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.

Answer 74

Apnea

Question 75

the remembered storyline of a dream

Answer 75

Manifest content of dreams

Question 76

the underlying meaning of a dream

Answer 76

Latent content of dreams