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Bio, Drama, English????????????????????? > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the CNS(Central Nervous System)

A

Brain, Spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS(peripheral)

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3
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

The SNS(somatic) and the ANS(autonomic)

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4
Q

What does the SNS do

A

Controls skeletal muscles through sensory and motor neurons. Controls Mainly voluntary actions. Responsible for reflex actions.

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5
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Controls automatic things like heart rate, breathing rate, intestinal secretions, Peristalsis, Split into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems that are antagonistic to each other.

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic system do

A

fight or flight when the body is excited and active: increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, decreases intestinal secretions, decreases peristalsis

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do

A

rest and digest when the body is relaxed: decreases heart rate, decreases breathing rate, increases intestinal secretions, increases peristalsis

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8
Q

What are converging neural pathways

A

Impulses from several neurons travel and converge to one. E.G retina in the eye. Increases sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals.

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9
Q

What are diverging neural pathways

A

Impulses from one neuron travel to several neurons affecting more than 1 destination at the same time. Allows fine motor control of fingers

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10
Q

What are reverberating neural pathways

A

Neurons later in the pathway link with neurons earlier in the pathway and impulses repeat over and over. E.G breathing

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11
Q

What does the cerebral cortex have

A

Localisation of brain functions. Sensory areas, motor areas, Association areas, Language, Personality, Imagination, Intelligence

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12
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain deal with

A

information that comes from the right visual field(eye) and controls the right side of the body

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13
Q

What controls the transfer of info from each side of the brain

A

Corpus Callosum

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14
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

center of conscious thought and recalls memories and alters behaviour in light of experience

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15
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons

A

They take impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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16
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons

A

They take impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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17
Q

What does memory involve

A

memory involves the encoding, storage and retrieval of info

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18
Q

What are the properties of the STM(Short term memory)

A

It has limited capacity and can hold about 7 items of info for about 30 seconds.

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19
Q

How can you lose information in STM

A

Displacement, where new info pushes out “old” info.
Decay, where memory fragments are forgotten until gone

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20
Q

How can information be transferred from the STM to the LTM(Long term memory)

A

rehearsal, organisation and elaboration

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21
Q

How can you remember the start and end of a long number but not the middle

A

start is remembered because there is enough time for rehearsal, the end is remembered because they haven’t been displaced yet, the middle is forgotten because of displacement or the STM is too crowded

22
Q

How can the capacity of STM be increased

A

Chunking which is organising pieces of info into smaller chunks

23
Q

What are the properties of the LTM

A

It has an unlimited capacity and can hold info for a long time

24
Q

What is encoding

A

Encoding is transferring info into the STM to the LTM, transfer occurs from sensory memory to STM to LTM, info is transferred from STM to LTM by rehearsal, organisation or elaboration

Encoding is the process of storing sensory info into the brain, the quality of the memory depends on the attention to detail given to the encoding to it
E.G rehearsal is considered a shallow form of encoding to the LTM but elaboration is considered a deeper form of encoding which leads to improved information retention

25
Q

What are contextual clues

A

Something that serves as a reminder of the time or location to when the memory was first experienced
Retrieval of info is aided by this

26
Q

What is rehearsal, organisation and elaboration

A

Rehearsal is repeating info to yourself which retains the info, organisation is info into related groups, elaboration is adding meaning to info

27
Q

What is sensory memory

A

The first part of the brain the info passes through, it retains all the visual and auditory input for a few seconds

28
Q

Describe the info flow through neurons

A

Dendrites collect electrical signals, cell body integrates incoming signals and generates signal to axon, axon passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell

29
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

Myelin sheath surrounds the axon which insulates the axon and increases the speed of the impulse conduction

30
Q

What produces the myelin sheath

A

Glial cells

31
Q

What are the problems with the myelin sheath

A

Certain diseases destroy the myelin sheath E.G Multiple Sclerosis (MS) which severely impairs muscle control

32
Q

Why are responses to stimuli in first 2 years of life not as rapid or coordinated as later on in life

A

Less myelination

33
Q

What messages are passed across synaptic clefts of neurons

A

neurotransmitters - acetylcholine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

34
Q

Where do neurons connect with other neurons or muscle fibres

A

Synaptic cleft

35
Q

What are neurotransmitters stored in

A

Vesicles that fuse with the NT and then diffuse the NT across the cleft when an impulse arrives

36
Q

What happens to the NT after it diffuses across the synapse

A

They bind to receptor cells found on the membrane of another dendrite which will determine whether the signal is Excitatory or Inhibitory

37
Q

What are Excitatory and Inhibitory

A

Excitatory causes an increase in action E.G cause muscles to contract
Inhibitory causes a decrease in action E.G slow heart rate

38
Q

How do neurotransmitters get removed from the synapse

A

Enzyme degradation - occurs with acetylcholine, the products of which are absorbed and used to synthesise new NT’s
Reuptake - occurs with norepinephrine, which is absorbed by presynaptic membrane

39
Q

What is summation

A

The cumulative effect of a series of weak stimuli which triggers an impulse

40
Q

Why do neurotransmitters have to be removed from the synapse

A

As to prevent constant stimulation

41
Q

Can an impulse continue with weak stimuli

A

No it needs a minimum number of NT’s for the impulse to continue

42
Q

What can new neural pathways do

A

bypass brain damage, create new responses, suppress reflexes, create plasticity

43
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

They carry impulses from one neuron (axon) to another neuron (dendrite). They carry impulses across the synaptic cleft

44
Q

What are endorphins

A

NT’s that stimulate neurons involved in the reduction of intensity of pain

45
Q

When does endorphin production increase

A

In response to injury, continuous exercise, stress and certain foods.
Also linked to feelings of pleasure obtained by activities like eating, sex and prolonged exercise

46
Q

What is Dopamine

A

NT that induces feelings of pleasure and reinforces behavior by activating reward pathway in the brain

47
Q

What is the reward pathway

A

Involves neurons which secrete or respond to dopamine.
Is activated when you do something that’s beneficial to you like eating when hungry

48
Q

What are agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists are chemicals that bind to and stimulate specific receptors mimicking the action of a NT at the synapse
Antagonists are chemicals that bind to specific receptors blocking the action of a NT at the synapse

49
Q

What is drug addiction and sensitisation

A

Antagonist drugs bind to and block specific receptors at a synapse causing the nervous system to increase the number and sensitivity of receptors (Sensitisation)
This sensitisation leads to drug addiction where you crave the drug

50
Q

What is drug tolerance and desensitisation

A

Agonist drugs bind to and stimulate specific receptors mimicking the action of a NT at a synapse causing the nervous system to decrease the number and sensitivity to these receptors (Desensitsation).
This desensitisation leads to drug tolerance where you must take more of the drug to be affected by it

51
Q

Recreational drugs may

A

Stimulate the release of natural NT’s (alcohol)
Imitate the reaction of NT’s (agonists) (cannabis and nicotine)
Block action of the NT by binding with receptors (antagonists)
Inhibit the reuptake of an NT (cocaine and ecstasy)
Inhibit the breakdown of an NT by enzyme degradation

Bio, Drama, English????????????????????? (16 decks)

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