Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio, Drama, English????????????????????? > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a somatic cell

A

Any cell in the body other than cells that are involved in reproduction and the stem cells that divide to make them.
They divide by mitosis to make more somatic cells (diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a germline cell

A

Gametes (sperm & ova and the stem cells that divide to make them).
They divide by mitosis AND meiosis (Haploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many PAIRS of chromosomes does a diploid cell have

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when a germline cell divides by meiosis

A

It undergoes 2 divisions, firstly separating homologous chromosomes and secondly separating chromatids 4 daughter cells are produced that are all haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is differentiation

A

When an unspecialised cell changes into a specialised cell.
The cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of stem cells are multipotent

A

Tissue stem cells as they can only differentiate into the types of cell found in a particular tissue
E.G blood stem cells can only change into white blood cells (phagocytes, lymphocytes) or red blood cells, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of stem cells are pluripotent

A

Embryonic stem cells as all the genes in embryonic stem cells can be switched on so they can differentiate into any type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

Stem cells are involved in growth and repair of damaged organs and tissues not cells
E.G corneal repair in the eye, regeneration of damaged skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of a DNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Deoxyribose in a nucleotide has a base attached to one end of the strand, and a phosphate attached to the other end
DNA consists of 2 strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are 2 DNA strands held together

A

They are held together by hydrogen bonds and have an antiparallel structure, with deoxyribose and phosphate at 3’ and 5’ ends of each strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does DNA replication require

A

A DNA template
Free DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase
Primers
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What must happen before cell division

A

DNA must be replicated so that every daughter cell will inherit an identical copy of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does DNA replication happen

A

DNA is unwound and unzipped
The leading strand is synthesised continuously in a 5’ to 3’ direction. A primer is needed to start replication
The lagging strand is synthesised in fragments because DNA polymerase can only add DNA nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
The fragments are then sealed together by ligase.
The 2 new strands twist to form double helixes. Each is identical to the original strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the steps of PCR

A

DNA is heated to between 92 and 98°C to separate the strands.
It is then cooled to between 50 and 65°C to allow primers to bind to target sequences.
It is then heated to between 70 and 80°C for heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

PCR amplifies DNA using complementary primers for specific target sequences

17
Q

What are the requirements for PCR

A

DNA sample
Primers
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
Free nucleotides

18
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype

A

A cell’s genotype is determined by the sequence of the DNA bases in its genetic code.
A cell’s phenotype (physical state) is determined by the proteins that are synthesised when the genes are expressed.

19
Q

What is gene expression

A

Gene expression involves the transcription and translation of DNA Sequences
Only a fraction of genes in a cell are expressed

20
Q

What is required to change DNA’s code into a protein

A

RNA

21
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has deoxyribose sugar. RNA has ribose sugar
DNA’s base composition Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine. RNA has Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded

22
Q

What is the full stage of transcription

A

RNA Polymerase moves along the DNA, unwinding the double helix causing weak hydrogen bonds to break between bases, causing DNA strands to separate.
RNA Polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA by complimentary base pairing Uracil on RNA instead of Thymine, Nucleotides can only join at the 3’ end of the mRNA strand.
The new mRNA strand (primary transcript) detaches and the weak hydrogen bonds reunite the two original DNA strands into a double helix again.

23
Q

What are introns and exons and where are they found

A

Introns of the primary transcript are non-coding regions
Exons are coding regions
Introns are found between the exons

24
Q

What happens to introns and exons

A

Introns are removed from the primary transcript and exons are joined together (RNA Splicing) to form the MATURE TRANSCRIPT of mRNA

25
Q

What is alternative RNA splicing

A

Different protein can be expressed from one gene as a result of alternative RNA Splicing.
Different mature transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained.

26
Q

Where does translation start and end

A

At a start codon and ends at a stop codon

27
Q

What is tRNA

A

tRNA (transferRNA) carries a specific amino acid. tRNA is a folded molecule due to complementary base pairing. A triplet of bases is called an anticodon

28
Q

What is rRNA

A

rRNA (ribosomalRNA) and proteins form a ribosome

29
Q

What is mRNA

A

mRNA (messengerRNA) carries a copy of a section of the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the ribosome. A triplet of bases is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid.

30
Q

What does tRNA do in translation

A

tRNA anticodons are complementary to a mRNA codon which bind together translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids which are joined together by peptide bonds.
Each tRNA then leaves the ribosome as the polypeptide is formed

31
Q

How are amino acids joined together

A

Amino Acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
Polypeptide chains fold to form the three-dimensional shape of a protein, held together by hydrogen bonds and other interaction between amino acids.

Bio, Drama, English????????????????????? (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions