unit 3 Flashcards
The french, on their side, often had more organized armies and could draw on far more support from the Indian tribes, with the crucial exception of the powerful ?
Iroquois League
The Final phase of this conflict began in 1754 with the ?, known in America as the ??
?- Seven Years’ War
??- French and Indian War
At a congress in Albany, New York, in June of that year, this man, fearing the troubles to come, proposed a plan for uniting the colonies under a federal council, with representatives from each one and a presiding official appointed by the crown.
Benjamin Franklin
To Franklin’s disgust, none of the colonies approved this.
Albany Plan of Union
In 1759, English General ? defeated the French General ?? for possession of Quebec , in a battle which both men died.
?- James Wolfe
??- Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm
The war took a few more years to end elsewhere in the world, but when this was signed in 1763, it ended the power of the French in North America.
Treaty of Paris
England’s first move was to establish this, which forbade settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains, offering some protection to the Indians living there.
Proclamation Line of 1763
In the following year, Parliament imposed this, a new tax on molasses, which was imported to New England from the west Indies to make rum.
Sugar Act
Some reasoned that an ? on imported luxury items would be less offensive then this ?? on everyday items; others objected to taxation in more general items.
?- external tax
??- internal tax
Representatives from the different colonies met at this to draft a formal protest parliament.
Stamp Act Congress
A more immediate approach was taken by this group, who used noncompliance, propaganda, and acts of violence to intimidate officials from collecting tax.
Sons of Liberty
?, boycotts of British goods, were practiced throughout the colonies and brought pressure to bear on English merchants.
Nonimportation Agreements
However, Parliament simultaneously passed this, which proclaimed Parliament’s right to pass laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”
Declaratory Act
British officials also began to issue there, which permitted British officials to search colonial homes and warehouses for smuggled goods.
Writs of Assistance
In 1767, Parliament passed a series of revenue bills known as the ?.
Townshend Acts
Five colonists were killed in what ?, a radical Boston propagandist, called ??
?- Samuel Adams
??- The Boston Massacre
To increase communication throughout the various English colonies in North America, this group formed this, which encouraged colonial resistance to the British.
Committees of Correspondence
This occurred in 1773, in response to the tea tax.
Boston Tea Party
Parliament had passed this in an effort to bail out the financially troubled East India Company, a massive corporation facing bankruptcy with millions of pounds of tea in its warehouses.
Tea Act
In retaliation for the tea parties, Parliament passed the ? in 1774 (quickly termed the ?? by the colonists).
?- Coercive Acts
??- Intolerable Acts
Also in 1774, Parliament passed this, which provided administration for the Canadian lands acquired from France by the treaty of Paris in 1763.
Quebec Act
In response to both the Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act, the Massachusetts assembly called for a ?, or gathering, which ultimately convened in Philadelphia in September of 1774.
Continental Congress
The congress called for a boycott of English goods and passed John Adam’s ?
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
British legal authorities answered that under the practice of this, all English citizens were represented equally in Parliament, regardless of where in the empire they resided.
Virtual Representation
Immediately following the battle of Concord, a ? assembled in Philadelphia.
Second Continental Congress
Its first steps were to authorize a Colonial Army with this Virginian man as commander and to license colonial privateers to prey on British shipping.
George Washington
The Colonists’ willingness to consider revolution was substantially increased by the publication of Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, ?, which argued persuasively that the colonies had no reasonable course but to sever themselves completely from Great Britain.
Common Sense
This, signed in July of 1776 by delegates to the Second continental congress, defended the action of the colonies by appeals to reason and natural law.
Declaration of Independence
Washington’s forces made several unsuccessful attempts to stop Howe’s forces from taking Philly, first here, then at Germantown just outside the city.
Brandywine
While Howe’s forces were made welcome in Philadelphia, Washington’s forces spent a humiliating and uncomfortable winter here.
Valley Forge
At King’s mountain, SC in october of 1780, American troops defeated a large band of ?.
Tories
Battles at both Cowpens, SC and Guilford Court House, NC were costly for the British under this british general.
General Cornwallis
However, Cornwallis found himself in an untenable position after the arrival of the French fleet from the West Indies and a forced march by a combined French/American force from New York under Washington and this French commander.
Rochambeau
These were written by delegates to the Second Continental Congress in 1777, but ratification did not come immediately.
Articles of Confederation
The articles remained in force until the ratification of this in 1788.
The Constitution
Faced with the problem of administering the western land ceded to it by the various states, the Articles government passed this, which provided for the land to be surveyed and divided into townships, reserving certain lots for schools and civic buildings and offering the rest for sale.
Land Ordinance of 1785
A western Massachusetts farmer and a former captain in the revolutionary army, ?, led a rebellion in 1786, refusing to permit further foreclosures on farms and demanding that large quantities of paper money be printed and tax relief be offered to farmers.
Daniel Shays
During the fall of 1786, delegates from five states met in this convention in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss altering the articles.
the Annapolis Convention
Led by this man from New York, these delegates called for another convention to meet in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787.
Alexander Hamilton
In this compromise: Smaller states favored a legislative structure similar to the Articles wherein each state, regardless of the population, is represented equally; larger states felt that their relative size should be taken into consideration. The solution: a bicameral (two-house) system wherein each state receives two delegates in the Senate and a number of delegates reflecting the state’s relative population in the house of Representatives. For a proposal to become law, it has to pass both houses in identical form.
The General Compromise
In this compromise: Slave states wanted all slaves counted as population for the purpose of determining the number of delegates a state had in the House of Representatives but not for the purpose of determining the state’s tax quota. The solution: Three-fifths of the slaves would be counted for both purposes.
Three-fifths compromise
In this compromise: Southern states, heavily dependent on European markets for their produce, were unwilling to grant national government the power to tax such exports; many northerners felt the new government should have the right to regulate both interstate and international trade. The solution: Congress could regulate interstate trade and could place tariffs on imports but not exports.
The Commerce Compromise
Several states made it a condition of ratification that a ? be amended to the constitution immediately after ratification to further protect individual freedoms.
Bill of Rights
The proposed Constitution encountered considerable opposition in some quarters from those called the ?.
Anti-Federalists
To persuade voters in New York, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote this, a series of articles supporting various aspects of the new government.
the Federalist Papers
The most famous of these essays, Madison’s ?, argues that the national government will offer safe defense of property from the passions of political factions.
Federalist #10
