Unit 3 Flashcards
About _____ of earth’s oxygen comes from the ocean.
50%
_____ of the CO2 is absorbed by the ocean.
50%
_____ of all animal species live in the ocean.
50%
_____ allows water molecules to from hydrogen bonds with each other.
Polarity
Explain what forces hold water molecules together.
The water molecule is held together with covalent bonds and is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges; hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
Define Covalent Bonds
Bonds between atoms where electrons are shared.
Define Polar Covalent Bonds.
Sharing of electrons is not equal; one atom will have more electrons (and be negative) and another atom will have less electrons and be positive.
Define Hydrogen Bonds
A weak bond between a hydrogen atom that is bonded usually to an oxygen or nitrogen to some other atom that has a charge; hydrogen bonding is what gives water its important properties.
What is the formula of Density?
D=m/V
Fresh water freezes at _____ but seawater freezes at about _____, because of _____ in it.
32-28.4-Salt
What behavior does water have upon freezing?
It expands.
Why does ice float in water?
Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered”.
As liquid water gets colder, water molecules become _____.
More compact.
Water becomes most dense at _____.
4 Degrees Celsius
As water cools from 4 Degrees Celsius to 0 Degrees Celsius, _____.
The volume that water takes increases.
What purpose does ice serve for animals?
Ice serves as a platform for animals to rest, hunt, and have babies. RHB
What would happen if ice sank?
If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth.
What is the relationship between ice and light?
Sea ice reflects light from the sun; less ice can lead to more light absorption and increased warming of the poles. The opposite happens with more ice.
Define Attenuation
The decrease in the intensity of light over a distance.
We _____ absorb colors we reflect.
Don’t
Light is _____ by particles in the water (clay, particles, silt particles).
Absorbed
The clearer the water, the _____ light is absorbed.
Less
In the ocean, about _____ of the light is absorbed by _____ and almost _____ by _____.
50%- 10m- 100%- 100m
Algae that live deep use _____.
Blue light
The ocean is blue due to the _____ and _____ of light.
Absorption-Scattering AS
_____ wavelengths of light travel the deepest in the ocean.
Blue BMRL
_____ wavelengths of light travel the least in the ocean.
Red
Plants deep in the ocean dominantly use _____.
Blue light.
What tool can we use to measure light penetration in the water? How does it work?
Secchi Disk: It measures how far light goes down by having a black and white spot. You lower it to the point where the spots are not visible.
Water _____ and _____ very slowly.
Heats and cools.
What’s the energy of motion?
Kinetic Energy
Define Temperature
Measures the intensity of heat due to the energy of molecules.
Define Heat
A measure of the total number of kinetic energy due to molecular motion.
Define Specific Heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 Degree Celsius.
How many calories need to be added to ice for it to be turned to water?
80 calories (same amount needs to be removed for inverse)
How many calories need to be added to water for it to be turned to vapor?
540 calories (same amount needs to be removed for inverse).
What is the latent heat of fusion of water?
80 Calories F80
What is the latent heat of vaporization of water?
540 Calories
When is heat absorbed?
When hydrogen bonds break. AB
When is heat released?
When hydrogen bonds form. RF
What can happen due to the excess heating of the equator?
H20 absorbs heat and can move heat toward poles.
Water changes temperature in oceans a _____ amount.
Small
What is seawater composed of?
Complex solution of salt, organic molecules, dissolved gases, and nutrients. SOGN
What are the types of water from least ppt to most ppt?
Fresh-Brackish-Saline-Brine FBSB
Explain everything about fresh water.
0-0.5 ppt; ponds, lakes, rivers, streams. FPLRS
Explain everything about brackish water.
0.5-30 ppt; estuaries-mangrove swamps. BES
Explain everything about saline water.
30-50 ppt; seawater- salt lakes. SSL
Explain everything about brine water.
50 ppt; brine waters.
Define Salinity.
The amount of dissolved salt in seawater.
What is the average salinity?
35 ppt
What are the major constituents in seawater?
Chloride-Sodium-Sulfate-Magnesium-Calcium-Potassium CSSMCP
Define the Rule of Constant Proportions.
The relative amount of each ion are always the same, the only difference is the total amount of salt. (ratios ae always the same).
Why does the Rule of Constant Proportions matter?
Marine Invertebrates have the same concentration of salt as their surroundings- Fish and mammals will use energy to keep proper water and salt balance- Having Constant Proportions of salt makes life easier. ISL (Invertebrates- Salt Balance-Life)
What are the Sources of Salts to the Ocean?
Land-Atmosphere-Hydrothermal Vents LAH
Explain Land
Runoff from land will bring salt from mountains.
Explain Atmosphere.
Rain falling into the ocean carries gases and small particles of soot and dust. Atmospheric gases mix and dissolve into seawater, especially when winds and waves chum the ocean surface.
Explain Hydrothermal Vents.
Seawater also dissolves materials from the ocean bottom, as well as materials released by underwater volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
What are the way to remove salts in the Ocean?
Sea Spray- Chemical Reactions- Adsorption- Evaporation. SCAE
