[Unit 2B: Enquiry Question 4]

Question 1

order 3 types of land use from cheapest to most expensive

Answer 1

agricultural
industrial
residential

Question 2

why are economic losses exacerbated?

Answer 2

no national compensation scheme for those who lose homes to the sea

Question 3

what did the coastal change pathfinder projects do

Answer 3

provide up to £1k in relocation expenses
give £1.2m for relocation and demolition

Question 4

what did the EA estimate about economic losses in 2014

Answer 4

• 7k properties (worth 1billion) will be lost to sea level rise this century
• global costs of sea level rise could reach $1trillion by 2050
• 800 properties lost to coastal erosion by 2035

Question 5

why could economic losses be seen as relatively small

Answer 5

erosion is slow process.
property loses value before at risk to erosion
populated areas have coastal defences

Question 6

what are some of the social losses of sea level rise/coastal flooding

Answer 6

relocation
loss of livelihood
spiral of decline

Question 7

give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Australia

Answer 7

• over half coast is vulnerable to erosion
• 1m rise exposes $162billion infrastructure
• 0.5m rise causes $2.8billion damages
• tourism is being affected - 8% workforce
  -brings $30billion to economy

Question 8

give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Philippines

Answer 8

• natural buffers damaged due to over exploitation
• 1m rise would affect 2.3million
• $6.5billion damages a year without adaptation

Question 9

define “environmental refugees”

Answer 9

forced to leave homes due to natural processes

Question 10

give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Fairbourne

Answer 10

• everyone has to leave by 2054 (462 families)
• house prices plummeted in last 7yrs
• they’re getting no compensation

Question 11

what is hard engineering

Answer 11

encase the coastline in concrete, steel and metal

Question 12

general advantages of hard engineering

Answer 12

long life
strong
most reduce wave energy

Question 13

general disadvantages of hard engineering

Answer 13

ugly
prevent access
expensive
terminal groyne syndrome

Question 14

name 5 hard engineering methods

Answer 14

• revetments
• rip rap
• seawall
• groynes
• offshore breakwater

Question 15

how do revetments work? what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 15

• stone, concrete or timber absorb energy and reduce swash
• sloping structures on shoreline
  advantages:
• quite cheap (£500-3000)
  disadvantages
• unattractive
• high maintenance
• reduce accessibility

Question 16

how does rip rap work? what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 16

• large igneous boulders
• break up and dissipate wave energy
  advantages:
• cheap to maintain
  disadvantages:
• dangerous when wet
• intrusive
• hard to transport rocks
• expensive (£1350-6000)

Question 17

how does a sea wall work? what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 17

• physical barrier absorbs wave energy
  advantages:
• effective
• promenade on top
  disadvantages:
• intrusive
• expensive (£3000-10,000)

Question 18

how do groynes work? what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 18

• vertical stone or timber fences
• trap sediment preventing LSD
  advantages:
• builds up beach
  -cheap (£150-2500)
• increases tourism
• work with longshore drift
  disadvantages:
• ugly
• terminal groyne syndrome

Question 19

how do offshore breakwaters work? what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 19

• large igneous rocks force waves to break offshore
  advantages:
• effective permeable barrier
• reduce wave energy
  disadvantages
• navigation hazards (for boats)
• ugly
  medium cost (£1750-4300)