[Unit 2B: Enquiry Question 1]

Question 1

define “littoral zone”

Answer 1

wider coastal zone, including: adjacent land and shallow parts of sea

Question 2

what features are there in the backshore

Answer 2

beaches, dunes, cliffs

Question 3

what processes are there in the backshore

Answer 3

atmospheric.
erosion.
human activity.
deposition
transportation

Question 4

what features are there in the foreshore

Answer 4

inter-tidal zone
sand ridges

Question 5

what processes are there in the foreshore

Answer 5

Marine:
-wave
-tides
-storm surges

Atmospheric:
-sub aerial

Question 6

what features are there in the nearshore

Answer 6

longshore bars
sand

Question 7

what processes are there in the nearshore

Answer 7

Marine:
-waves (break)
-tides
-storm surges

Question 8

what features are there in the offshore

Answer 8

offshore sands

Question 9

what processes are there in the offshore

Answer 9

Marine:
-tides

Question 10

What are 6 (of many) ways of classifying coasts

Answer 10

Geology
Energy
Balance (between erosion and deposition)
Sea level
Formation processes
Tidal range

Question 11

what type of: waves, processes, land forms and general location. is at low energy coasts

Answer 11

less powerful waves
deposition and transport
Beaches, salt marshes, sand dunes
sheltered, lowland, coastal plains
Med sea coasts

Question 12

what type of: waves, processes, land forms and general location. is at high energy coasts

Answer 12

more powerful waves
erosion and transport
cliffs, arches, caves, stacks
exposed, highland&lowland, rocky coasts
Atlantic coasts of Norway and Scotland

Question 13

define “discordant coastline”

Answer 13

bands of differing rock type run perpendicular to the coast

Question 14

define “concordant coastline”

Answer 14

bands of differing rock type run parallel to the coast

Question 15

what features are formed at a discordant coastline

Answer 15

bay and headlands
ensure you know how they are formed

Question 16

what is wave refraction

Answer 16

energy from waves is focused on the headlands as it sticks out
bay is sheltered
headland erodes and sediment is deposited on the beach

Question 17

how do coves form

Answer 17

hard rock is breached allowing the sea to the soft rock
the soft rock erodes quickly forming a cove

Question 18

what are some concordant coastline features

Answer 18

dalmatian coastline
haff coastline
cove

Question 19

what is a dalmatian coastline

Answer 19

valleys/ridges run parallel to each other
valleys/ridges flood due to sea level rise
tops of valleys/ridges remain above sea
they become offshore islands parallel to coast

Question 20

what is an example of a dalmatian coastline

Answer 20

Dalmatia coast in Croatia

Question 21

what is a Haff coastline

Answer 21

formed in low energy environments
where deposition of mud and sand
long ridges topped with sand dunes
are parallel to coast
creates lagoons between ridge and coast

Question 22

what is a “dip”

Answer 22

variation in angle of rock strata

Question 23

how do “dips” form

Answer 23

tectonic forces deform rock layers
-through compressional & tensional forces
high heat & pressure causes rock to bend & break
this causes the variation in angle of rock strata

Question 24

what is an example of a dip

Answer 24

Stair Hole in Lulworth

Question 25

define "strata"

Answer 25

layers of rock

Question 26

define "bedding plane"

Answer 26

breaks in strata from gaps in time during rock formation. creates horizontal cracks

Question 27

define "folds"

Answer 27

pressure during tectonic activity makes rocks buckle & crumple

Question 28

define "joints"

Answer 28

fractures caused by contraction (as sediments dry out). creates vertical cracks

Question 29

define "faults"

Answer 29

when stress or pressure exceeds a rocks internal strength. It slips or moves along the plane

Question 30

a coastline with uniform horizontal strata produces what

Answer 30

steep cliffs

Question 31

a coastline with near vertical joints produces what

Answer 31

rocks dipping gently seawards that will break off eventually

Question 32

a coastline with near strata dipping inland produces what

Answer 32

a stable, steep cliff profile

Question 33

how are igneous rocks formed

Answer 33

cooling and solidification of magma

Question 34

how fast and why do igneous rocks erode

Answer 34

very slow. Few joints, interlocking crystals so limited weaknesses that erosion can exploit

Question 35

how are metamorphic rocks formed

Answer 35

original rock subjected to heat/pressure causing physical/chemical changes

Question 36

how fast and why do metamorphic rocks erode

Answer 36

slow. heavily fractured, if all crystals orientate in one direction causes weaknesses for erosion

Question 37

how are sedimentary rocks formed

Answer 37

cementation of minerals or organic particles

Question 38

how fast and why do sedimentary rocks erode

Answer 38

moderate/fast. many bedding planes and fractures so vulnerable to erosion

Question 39

what two factors affect a cliff profile

Answer 39

strata permeability strata resistance

Question 40

what feature forms from a difference in permeability in a cliff

Answer 40

slumps surface run off erosion from ground water emerging

Question 41

define "unconsolidated"

Answer 41

sediment which is not compacted together

Question 42

what three coast lines are formed from vegetation succession

Answer 42

coastal sand dunes coastal salt marshes coastal mangrove swamps

Question 43

define "halophytes"

Answer 43

plants that tolerate salt water

Question 44

define "xerophytes"

Answer 44

plants that tolerate very dry conditions

Question 45

how does vegetation succession take place in sand dunes

Answer 45

-pioneer colonise sand, roots bind sand -pioneer die and decompose. form thin soil (very alkaline) -soil deepens and less alkaline from more organic matter. small plants and larger plants -soil deepens, small trees move in out competing smaller plants -soil supports large trees. fast growing then slow growing

Question 46

what is the order of sand dunes from youngest to oldest

Answer 46

"berm" embryo fore yellow grey mature

Question 47

how do sand dunes form

Answer 47

deposition from long shore drift winds pick up sediment and blow inland sand trapped and slowed by obstacles starts piling up

Question 48

what is the process of salt marsh succession

Answer 48

algae grows, roots bind mud cord grass roots stabilise mud marsh grass creates carpet so height increases scurvy grass prevents salt getting under marsh sedge grass grows as marsh is only submerged once or twice a year

Question 49

how do salt marshes form

Answer 49

in low energy environment deposition/long shore drift and silt from river is deposited on side of estuary pioneer plants survive trap more sediment make it higher more plants can grow

Question 50

give an example of a salt marsh in the UK

Answer 50

Keyhaven Salt Marsh, Hampshire

Question 51

give an example of sand dunes in the UK

Answer 51

Studland sand dunes, Dorset