[Unit 1: Enquiry Question 3]

Question 1

What classifies as a mega disaster

Answer 1

over 2000 deaths
200,000 made homeless
gdp reduced by at least 5%
depend on aid for over a year event

Question 2

name 3 mega disasters

Answer 2

mount pinatubo (1991)
-damaged aeroplanes
-global dimming 0.6C

eyjafjallajokull (2010)
-110m3 ash
-cost $3 billion

tohoku (2011)
-2m high in CHILE
-debris travelled to america

Question 3

name 3 multiple hazard zones

Answer 3

california
-wildfires, earthquakes, flooding
-on ring of fire
-frequent and able to cope

Japan
-111 active volcanoes
-on north-west pacific typhoon belt
-prepared and able to cope

Philipines
-on pacific ring of fire
-surrounded by coast
-not prepared and unable to cope

Question 4

what defines a multiple hazard zone

Answer 4

where tectonic events, weather events and areas of high vulnerability interlink.

Question 5

what happened at Mt. Pinatubo 1991

Answer 5

ash and sulphur dioxide cloud (15-20mil tons) 32km high

damages to aeroplanes

global dimming of 0.6C

Question 6

what happened at Eyjafjallajokull 2010

Answer 6

110m m3 ash released up to 9km
costs of $3billion
flights grounded

Question 7

what happened in Tohoku 2011

Answer 7

wave was 2m high in CHILE
buildings collapsing released chemicals
level 7 nuclear accident
-they rely on nuclear power for energy
-insufficient protection against meltdowns
magnitude 9 earthquake
-18500 deaths
-$220billion damages
40m high wave tsunami
-estuaries funnelled waves
hit the east (low lying) side of Japan
they have conc. population so fleeing is hard
they have defences like sea wall, but wasnt good enough
they have aging population
have coastal settlements

Question 8

how can you predict volcanoes

Answer 8

they can be predicted precisely:
-they change shape before erupting
-release heat and gas
-seismic activity before erupting
-looking at history of previous eruptions

Question 9

how can you predict earthquakes

Answer 9

they are harder to predict than volcanoes

-potential signs:
build up of radon
animals might be able to detect

Question 10

what are the four key stages of the hazard management cycle

Answer 10

reinvention & mitigation
preparation
response
recovery

Question 11

what is entailed in the reinvention & mitigation stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 11

identifying hazards and taking steps to reduce impact

aim to reduce loss of life (landuse zoning and building regulation)

Question 12

what is entailed in the preparation stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 12

minimising loss of life (doing it)

facilitating response and recovery

plans put in place

education

Question 13

what is entailed in the response stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 13

coping with the event
-SAR
-short term aid
evacuation

Question 14

what is entailed in the recovery stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 14

short term:
-providing services
-restoring power
-temporary shelters

long term:
-rebuilding
-reopening

Question 15

what is the difference between hazard adaptation and hazard mitigation

Answer 15

mitigation - avoid or prevent hazards

adaptation - reduce impact of hazards

Question 16

what are ways to modify an earthquake event

Answer 16

land use zoning

earthquake proof buildings:
moment frames (heavily welded)
bracing systems
dampers (water sloshing stabilises building)
seismic base isolate (lift off ground)

Question 17

what are ways to modify a tsunami event

Answer 17

replant the coast. trees like mangroves reduce the wave height and speed, and dissipate energy from wave.

land use zoning

Question 18

what are the ways to modify a volcano event

Answer 18

protect houses from ash

spray water on the lava (Iceland Heimaey 1973)

divert lava

land use zoning

Question 19

what are ways to increase resilience in communities to improve their capacity to cope with disasters? (modifying vulnerability)

Answer 19

prediction
forecasting
warning systems
community preparedness

Question 20

what are the two components of a TWS

Answer 20

network of sensors

communication systems

Question 21

what does adaptation and preparedness involve in managing vulnerability

Answer 21

planning, detection of hazards, reviewing systems, roles played by groups such as civil officers, media, and emergency responders

Question 22

what limits governance in hazard management

Answer 22

affordability of prediction and prevention measures and factors like poverty

Question 23

provide an example of a research institute improving earthquake resilience

Answer 23

japans national research institute for earth science and disaster prevention.

planted 1000 motion accelerators throughout country
-these measure p&s waves
-can be used by local government for emergency management

Question 24

what are the three different types of aid

Answer 24

emergency(food water)

short term(temp shelter ,restoring power)

long term(rebuilding)

Question 25

what are two different forms of aid

Answer 25

disaster aid:
-given to countries governments/NGOs
-to be used for relief and rebuilding
-suitable for mid/low income countries

Internal Government Aid:
-spreading financial load across tax payers
-includes national disaster funds
-appropriate for emerging and developed countries

Question 26

describe the role of NGOs in modifying loss of tectonic hazards

Answer 26

help where government are struggling
provide funds, SAR, resources etc
involved in all parts of hazard management cycle
they remain for years to build community resilience

Question 27

Describe the role of NGOs in Pakistan 2005

Answer 27

immediately provided:
6m blankets
safe water
food & clothes
emergency medical care

short term provided:
permanent shelters
roads rebuilt
water supplies reestablished

long term:
provided resources
provided seeds and tools
built new schools, medical centres, house
developed DRR programs

Question 28

what is the role of insurance companies in modifying loss

Answer 28

provide businesses and individuals with money to rebuild

world wide costs of earthquakes is $250billion (2023)

Question 29

what is the role of local communities in modifying loss

Answer 29

they are the first to respond to the hazard

they can aid in immediate SAR

isolated communities have to start to redevelop themselves

involved in long term strats for rebuilding

they are the ones that need to be resilient

Question 30

what are the five priorities stated in the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2005-2015)

Answer 30

1-make DRR a priority

2-identify and monitor risks and enhance early warnings

3-use education to build awareness and resilience

4-reduce underlying risk factors

5-strengthen disaster preparedness

Question 31

what are the four priorities stated in the Sendai Framework (2015-2030)

Answer 31

1-understanding disaster risk

2-strengthening governance

3-invest in DRR for resilience & enhance preparedness

4-build back better when rebuilding