[Unit 1: Enquiry Question 3] Flashcards
Tectonics
What classifies as a mega disaster
over 2000 deaths
200,000 made homeless
gdp reduced by at least 5%
depend on aid for over a year event
name 3 mega disasters
mount pinatubo (1991)
-damaged aeroplanes
-global dimming 0.6C
eyjafjallajokull (2010)
-110m3 ash
-cost $3 billion
tohoku (2011)
-2m high in CHILE
-debris travelled to america
name 3 multiple hazard zones
california
-wildfires, earthquakes, flooding
-on ring of fire
-frequent and able to cope
Japan
-111 active volcanoes
-on north-west pacific typhoon belt
-prepared and able to cope
Philipines
-on pacific ring of fire
-surrounded by coast
-not prepared and unable to cope
what defines a multiple hazard zone
where tectonic events, weather events and areas of high vulnerability interlink.
what happened at Mt. Pinatubo 1991
ash and sulphur dioxide cloud (15-20mil tons) 32km high
damages to aeroplanes
global dimming of 0.6C
what happened at Eyjafjallajokull 2010
110m m3 ash released up to 9km
costs of $3billion
flights grounded
what happened in Tohoku 2011
wave was 2m high in CHILE
buildings collapsing released chemicals
level 7 nuclear accident
-they rely on nuclear power for energy
-insufficient protection against meltdowns
magnitude 9 earthquake
-18500 deaths
-$220billion damages
40m high wave tsunami
-estuaries funnelled waves
hit the east (low lying) side of Japan
they have conc. population so fleeing is hard
they have defences like sea wall, but wasnt good enough
they have aging population
have coastal settlements
how can you predict volcanoes
they can be predicted precisely:
-they change shape before erupting
-release heat and gas
-seismic activity before erupting
-looking at history of previous eruptions
how can you predict earthquakes
they are harder to predict than volcanoes
-potential signs:
build up of radon
animals might be able to detect
what are the four key stages of the hazard management cycle
reinvention & mitigation
preparation
response
recovery
what is entailed in the reinvention & mitigation stage of the hazard management cycle
identifying hazards and taking steps to reduce impact
aim to reduce loss of life (landuse zoning and building regulation)
what is entailed in the preparation stage of the hazard management cycle
minimising loss of life (doing it)
facilitating response and recovery
plans put in place
education
what is entailed in the response stage of the hazard management cycle
coping with the event
-SAR
-short term aid
evacuation
what is entailed in the recovery stage of the hazard management cycle
short term:
-providing services
-restoring power
-temporary shelters
long term:
-rebuilding
-reopening
what is the difference between hazard adaptation and hazard mitigation
mitigation - avoid or prevent hazards
adaptation - reduce impact of hazards
what are ways to modify an earthquake event
land use zoning
earthquake proof buildings:
moment frames (heavily welded)
bracing systems
dampers (water sloshing stabilises building)
seismic base isolate (lift off ground)
what are ways to modify a tsunami event
replant the coast. trees like mangroves reduce the wave height and speed, and dissipate energy from wave.
land use zoning
what are the ways to modify a volcano event
protect houses from ash
spray water on the lava (Iceland Heimaey 1973)
divert lava
land use zoning
what are ways to increase resilience in communities to improve their capacity to cope with disasters? (modifying vulnerability)
prediction
forecasting
warning systems
community preparedness
what are the two components of a TWS
network of sensors
communication systems
what does adaptation and preparedness involve in managing vulnerability
planning, detection of hazards, reviewing systems, roles played by groups such as civil officers, media, and emergency responders
what limits governance in hazard management
affordability of prediction and prevention measures and factors like poverty
provide an example of a research institute improving earthquake resilience
japans national research institute for earth science and disaster prevention.
planted 1000 motion accelerators throughout country
-these measure p&s waves
-can be used by local government for emergency management
what are the three different types of aid
emergency(food water)
short term(temp shelter ,restoring power)
long term(rebuilding)
what are two different forms of aid
disaster aid:
-given to countries governments/NGOs
-to be used for relief and rebuilding
-suitable for mid/low income countries
Internal Government Aid:
-spreading financial load across tax payers
-includes national disaster funds
-appropriate for emerging and developed countries
describe the role of NGOs in modifying loss of tectonic hazards
help where government are struggling
provide funds, SAR, resources etc
involved in all parts of hazard management cycle
they remain for years to build community resilience
Describe the role of NGOs in Pakistan 2005
immediately provided:
6m blankets
safe water
food & clothes
emergency medical care
short term provided:
permanent shelters
roads rebuilt
water supplies reestablished
long term:
provided resources
provided seeds and tools
built new schools, medical centres, house
developed DRR programs
what is the role of insurance companies in modifying loss
provide businesses and individuals with money to rebuild
world wide costs of earthquakes is $250billion (2023)
what is the role of local communities in modifying loss
they are the first to respond to the hazard
they can aid in immediate SAR
isolated communities have to start to redevelop themselves
involved in long term strats for rebuilding
they are the ones that need to be resilient
what are the five priorities stated in the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2005-2015)
1-make DRR a priority
2-identify and monitor risks and enhance early warnings
3-use education to build awareness and resilience
4-reduce underlying risk factors
5-strengthen disaster preparedness
what are the four priorities stated in the Sendai Framework (2015-2030)
1-understanding disaster risk
2-strengthening governance
3-invest in DRR for resilience & enhance preparedness
4-build back better when rebuilding
