[Unit 1: Enquiry Question 2] Flashcards
Tectonics
Definition of disaster
interaction of tectonic hazard with vulnerable population
Degg’s model
Degg’s model states that there are two factors that must overlap for a disaster, size of the hazard and the vulnerability of the population.
Risk: Exposure of people to a hazardous event which may present a potential threat to people or their possessions, including buildings and structures.
Vulnerability: The degree which you are susceptible to a hazard. (environment, local scale, macro scale, situation of country)
why do some people remain exposed to hazard?
unpredictability
lack of alternatives
changing levels of risk
russian roulette
costs vs benefits
definition of hazard vulnerability
capacity to anticipate, cope, resist and recover impact of hazard
risk equation
(frequency or magnitude x vulnerability) / capacity to cope
definition of reselience
capacity to cope after a disaster
resilience framework
shows that countries should build resilience and adapt after each exposure to hazard
Parks disaster response model
shows how countries performance is affected after a disaster.
do they make a full recovery, never get back to what it was before, or improve to what they were before.
Apply the PAR model to Haiti 2010
Hazards:
Earthquake (7.0)
Root causes:
-debt to USA
-corruption
-poverty
Dynamic Pressures:
-lack of preparation
-lack of education
-informal housing
Unsafe Conditions:
-housing on hill sides
-poor infrastructure
-little access to safe water and proper sanitation
vulnerability categories [5]
social (unable to help people in houses)
knowledge (lack of education and training)
physical (living in hazard prone area)
environmental (overcrowding while fleeing)
economic (risk losing assets)
what are the three magnitude and intensity scales for earthquakes
Richter (Ml)
Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw) (MMS)
Mercalli scale
what is the MMS scale
uses energy released by shockwaves and area of rupture
judges impact of earthquake
what is the mercalli scale
uses amount of damage caused by seismic waves
judges intensity of earthquake
goes up to XII
Qualitive.
what is the magnitude scale for volcanoes?
volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
What is the VEI scale
uses energy released and type of eruption
goes up to 8
What determines severity of hazard
duration, magnitude, predictability, regularity, frequency, speed of onset, spatial concentration, areal extent, number of hazards
what is the definition of inequality
unfair situation or distribution of assets or resources. People, nations and players have different levels of authority, competence and outcomes.
What are the 4 main components of vulnerability
Social
Economic
Environmental
Political
Explain social reasons for vulnerability
high pop density
lack of education
lack of health care
crime
ageing pop
availability of tech
explain economic reasons for vulnerability
high debt
unstable economy
low GDP
low GNI
-low standards of living
-less likely to be able to evacuate
explain environmental reasons for vulnerability
poor infrastructure
access to country
physical location
access to people
natural barriers
urbanisation
-informal housing
explain political reasons for vulnerability
no building regulations
corruption
conflict
political systems
debt
geopolitical relationships
colonialism
preparedness (Japan always ready)
efficiency and effectiveness of emergency services
communications (India go round with a megaphone)
definition for governance
ways players take agreed action based on joined interests
name two disaster management agencies
FEMA - usa
PHIVOLCS - phillipines
what is Reason’s swiss cheese model
-each “slice” represents a layer of defence against disasters (e.g. building codes and governance policies)
-when holes in all layers line up, they create a pathway which disaster can pass through causing losses.
what are the effects of governance on a global scale?
-increase in economic activity creates interdependence on other countries
-increased activity of organisations like WHO are good but useless if the country has weak governance
-Rise of neo-liberal ideology means sectors are privatised meaning government investment in disaster preventions are limited
-spread of information technology helps provide early warning systems, but can also create new issues if a cyber attack e.g. takes place too.
state as many facts as possible on the nepal 2015 earthquake
61% have healthcare
28.5% under 16
less than $2/day
NGO’s like Hilti
landlocked by mountains
35/100 CPI
declined on the PDRM
state as many facts as possible on the china 2008 earthquake
poor building regulations
36/100 CPI
censorship limited communication
low GNI
had only just started their economic growth
improved on the PDRM
state as many facts as possible on the Christchurch 2011 earthquake
18.6% over 60
recent 2010 earthquake lowed capacity to cope
economic hub so widespread damage
good building regulations, but weren’t fully implemented
lots of older buildings that are weak.
