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AP Environmental Science > Unit 2.A > Flashcards

Unit 2.A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Systems definition

A

Have interconnected inputs, processes, and outputs that affect each other.

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2
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

System changes in the same direction, reinforces original inputs/events

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3
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

System changes in opposite direction from which it is coming

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4
Q

What is the order of services on the pyramid

A

Cultural
Provisioning
Regulating
Supporting

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5
Q

Supporting definition and examples

A

Natural processes that sustain life

Photosynthesis, water cycle

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6
Q

Regulating definition and examples

A

Processes that regulate natural phenomena

Pollination, decomposition

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7
Q

Provisioning definition and examples

A

Benefits that can be extracted or harvested from nature

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8
Q

Cultural definition and examples

A

Non-material benefit contributing to development and cultural advancement

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9
Q

What are the population distributions

A

Uniform, random, and clumped

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10
Q

Pros of a clumped population distribution

A

Better chance at finding resources, more protection against predators, packs allow some to get prey, groups for mating and kids

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11
Q

Cons of a clumped population distribution

A

Higher intraspecific competition, diseases spread easier, may attract predators

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12
Q

What is the order of organisms to the world

A

Individuals
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

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13
Q

Population size definition

A

Total number of individuals in a given area at a specific time

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14
Q

Population density definition

A

Number of individuals per unit area

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15
Q

Carring capacity (K) definition

A

The limit of individuals that can be supported by the environment

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16
Q

Logistic growth definition

A

Rapid initial growth then steady decrease in population growth until population size levels off

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17
Q

Density-dependent factors definition and examples

A

Occur because of the population becoming too dense in its environment.

Water, nutrients, disease, space

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18
Q

Density-independent factors definition and examples

A

Affects the size of a population regardless of its density/size.

Storms, floods, earthquakes, cold spells, fires

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19
Q

Biotic potential definition

A

Capacity for population growth under ideal conditions. Population experiences exponential growth

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20
Q

R-selected species definition and examples

A

Usually many offspring to overcome large losses, little/no parental care, unstable boom and bust cycles

Rabbits, rats, bacteria

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21
Q

K-selected species definition and examples

A

Few offspring, mature late, extensive parental care, big competitors

Elephant, whales, humans

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22
Q

Survivorship curve definition

A

Displays the relative survival rates of a group of individuals in a population

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23
Q

Type I survivorship curve meaning

A

High survival in young age

K-selected species

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24
Q

Type II survivorship curve meaning

A

Roughly constant mortality independent of age

Usually K-selected species

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25
Q

Type III survivorship curve meaning

A

Greatest mortality early in life

R-selected species

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26
Q

Trophic cascade definition

A

Changes to the trophic level, often top predator, causes dramatic changes to other trophic levels

27
Q

Keystone species definition

A

Has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem relative to its population size

28
Q

Ecological niche definition

A

Functional role of a species in its community

29
Q

What niche do generalist species have

A

Broad

30
Q

What niche do specialist species have

A

Narrow

31
Q

How to calculate the growth rate with population

A

r= (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration) / total population ×100

32
Q

How to calculate population growth through percent change

A

New value - original value/original value ×100, ÷ the number of years have passed

33
Q

How to calculate doubling time

A

70/r

34
Q

What is doubling time

A

The amount of time in years it will take for a population to double

35
Q

What is the growth rate of a population

A

A measure of the number of individuals leaving or entering a population relative to the total population size.

36
Q

What relationship does predation represent?

A

+/-
One animal eating another

37
Q

What relationship does competition represent?

A

-/-
Both compete for resources and dont benefit

38
Q

What relationship does parasitism represent?

A

+/-
One organism using the other as a host and harming it

39
Q

What relationship does mutualism represent?

A

+/+
Both species benefit in some way

40
Q

What relationship does commensalism represent?

A

+/0
One species benefits while the other is not affected, not harmed but doesnt get any benefit

41
Q

Ecological succession def

A

Series of changes observed in a community after a disturbance, which changes ecosystem structure and resource availability

42
Q

What is a generalist species

A

They survive more easily when conditions change rapidly and dramatically

43
Q

What is a specialist species

A

More likely to experience a population decline in rapidly changing environments. Highly adapted to a specific resource

44
Q

What is primary succession

A

Disturbance that leaves behind rocks. Starting the ecosystem from scratch

45
Q

Primary succession exps

A

Glacial retreats
Volcanic eruptions

46
Q

Pioneer species for primary succession and exps

A

Inhabit first and create soil
Lichens, moss

47
Q

Early successional species for primary succession and exps

A

Thrive in sunny conditions with nutrient-poor soil.
Grasses, wildflowers

48
Q

Late successional species for primary succession

A

Slow-growing, shade tolerant, replaces early successional species

49
Q

What is secondary succession and exps

A

Soil remains after an ecosystem disturbance.
Tsunamis, wildfires

50
Q

Pioneer species for secondary succession

A

Easily dispersed, sun tolerant, adds organic material.

51
Q

Late successional species for secondary succession

A

Slow-growing, long-lived, shade tolerant, replaces other species.

52
Q

What is gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

The total amount of energy converted from sunlight into glucose by producers

53
Q

What is net primary productivity (NPP)

A

The amount of energy available to consumers (glucose and carbohydrates left over after plants carry out respiration)

54
Q

How to find NPP?

A

NPP = GPP-respiration

55
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

Population is more susceptible to inbreeding, disease, and other environmental stressors

56
Q

Why is greater genetic diversity better for species

A

It allows for greater response to environmental stressors

57
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of all species in a community

58
Q

What is species eveness

A

Relative abundances of all the various species in a community

59
Q

What does a high species eveness mean

A

Relatively equal representation of all species. Not dominated by one species

60
Q

What does a low species evenness mean

A

Community is dominated by one species

61
Q

Why is higher species diversity good

A

It means a higher NPP and more resilience to environmental stressors to bounce back

62
Q

What is a habitat

A

The specific environment in which an organism lives

63
Q

Why is habitat diversity good

A

It allows for a variety of niches (species roles) to coexist

AP Environmental Science (3 decks)

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