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AP Environmental Science > Unit 1.B > Flashcards

Unit 1.B Flashcards

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1
Q

What percent of earths water is in the oceans

A

97

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2
Q

Where is majority of freshwater located

A

Frozen in ice caps and glaciers

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3
Q

What percent of water is used for agricultural sectors

A

~70

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4
Q

What is an aquifer

A

Water stored underground in sand and bedrock through which groundwater flows

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5
Q

What is a water table

A

The uppermost level at which water satuates the rock and soil

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6
Q

What is a recharge area

A

Supplies water to aquifer through infiltration and percolation of precipitation

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7
Q

What is the Ogallala aquifer

A

Largest aquifer in the U.S.
Beneath Great Plains

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8
Q

Removing excessive ground water can cause:

A

Cones of depression near the withdrawn well

Salt water intrusion near coastlines

Sink holes, land subsidence

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9
Q

What happens in Primary Treatment for waste water

A

Physical separation

Screening and grit removes most suspended solids

Primary clarifiers separate liquids and solids

Solids go to digestion and turn to sludge

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10
Q

What happens in Secondary Treatment for waste water

A

Anaerobic bacteria is used to digest the waste

Secondary clarifiers remove bacteria from liquids

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11
Q

What happens in Tertiary Treatment for waste water

A

Chemical and physical processes aimed at removing special pollutants

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12
Q

What happens in Disinfection for waste water

A

UV light or chlorine is used to kill pathogenic bacteria and viruses

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13
Q

After being treated, where does waste water go

A

Into local surface water or pumped into aquifers

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14
Q

What is industrial waste

A

Waste produced by mining, agriculture, etc providing us with goods and services

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15
Q

What is municipal solid waste (MSW)

A

Waste produced by homes and businesses

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16
Q

What are hazardous wastes

A

Wastes that are poisonous, chemically reactive, flammable, dangerous

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17
Q

What is the composition of MSW for the U.S.

A
  1. Paper
  2. Food wastes
  3. Plastic
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18
Q

Where does most trash in the U.S. go

A

Landfills

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19
Q

What are open clump landfills

A

Fields and holes in the ground for trash

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20
Q

What are sanitary landfills

A

Spread MSW in layers, cover and compact with clay, dries trash, reduces leachate leakage

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21
Q

What are landfill issues

A

Anaerobic conditions slow decomposition rates

Anaerobic conditions produce methane which is flammable and a greenhouse gas

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22
Q

Where are most incinerators found

A

Europe

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23
Q

What are incinerators/waste-to-energy-burn plants

A

Burns trash to boil water and generate electricity

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24
Q

What are plastics

A

Variety of materials made of polymer-containing compounds

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25
Q

Plastics are a type of petrochemical, what is that

A

Means it is most often generated from natural gas or petroleum

26
Q

What are microplastics

A

Floating just below the surface trapped in vortexes of rotating ocean currents

27
Q

What percent of open waters have floating plastic debris with plastic on the seafloor

A

90

28
Q

What is primary recyclling

A

Closed loop, using materials again for the same purpose

29
Q

What is secondary recyclling

A

Open loop, waste materials are converted into different products

30
Q

What is planned obsolescence

A

Objects are designed to be trashed rather than fixed or reused

31
Q

What is traditional waste management

A

Treats all wastes by burning, burying, or shipping them to focus on object’s end and getting rid of it

32
Q

What is integrated waste management

A

Emphasizes waste reduction b4 its even produced

33
Q

What is source reduction

A

Using less materials in design and manufacturing that would become waste, prevent waste generation

34
Q

What is cradle-to-cradle

A

Approach to manufacturing, a circular economy. No waste leftover

35
Q

What is the Basel Convention

A

Bans the export of hazardous wastes, plastics, and e-waste to other countries without permission

36
Q

What is the Superfund Act/CERCLA

A

Cleans up hazardous waste sites

37
Q

What is the Toxic Release Inventory/TRI

A

Published to notify residents of storage and release of toxic chemicals in their regoin

38
Q

What is the Resource Conservation and Recoverey Act/RCRA

A

Established cradle-to-grave system of recordkeeping and permitting for generation, transport, treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes

39
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The outermost, cooler, rigid of rock on earths surface. Where the tectonic plates are

40
Q

What is the asthenosphere

A

The layer on top of the mantle that consists of hot, molten rock. In motion

41
Q

Oceanic crust properties

A

Underwater

More dense bc of a greater amount of metals

Floats lower on the asthenosphere

42
Q

Continential crust properties

A

Less dense

Made of silicate rock

Floats higher on the asthenosphere

43
Q

Where do convection currents occur within earth

A

Asthenosphere

44
Q

What do convection currents do related to earths surface

A

They force themselves through tectonic plates which force the plates to either collide or diverge

45
Q

What is subduction

A

A more dense tectonic plates goes underneath a less dense tectonic plate

46
Q

What occurs when a continental plate and an oceanic plate converge

Where/world example

A

Trenches

South america/Andes mountains

47
Q

What occurs when an oceanic plate and an oceanic plate converge

Where/world example

A

Islands

Southeast Asia- japan and indonesia

48
Q

What occurs when a continental plate and a continental plate converge

Where/world example

A

Nonvolcanic mountains

Himalayas

49
Q

What occurs when an oceanic plate and an oceanic plate diverge

Where/world example

A

Mid ocean ridges

Iceland and mid-atlantic ocean ridge

50
Q

What occurs when a continental plate and a continental plate diverge

Where/world example

A

Rift valleys

African rift valley

51
Q

What occurs when a continental plate and a continental plate transform into eachother

Where/world example

A

Earthquakes and fault lines

San Andreas fault line

52
Q

What is a reserve

A

A known quality of resource that can be economically recovered

53
Q

What is ore

A

Concentration of mineral from which valuable materials can be extracted

54
Q

What are gangue minerals/tailings

A

Material extracted with the ore that has no value and is considered waste

55
Q

What is placer mining

A

Obtaining minerals from river sediments

56
Q

What is subsurface mining

A

Used when ores are more than 100m below earths surface. Dig straight down and then towards ores.

57
Q

What are the types of surface mining

A

Strip, open-pit, and mountaintop removing

58
Q

What is strip mining

A

Mining in a straight line when ore is parallel to earths surface.

Spoils, removed overburden, is returned to hole and topsoil is replaced

59
Q

What is open-pit mining

A

Digging a large hole in the ground if ore runs horizontal and vertically beneath earths surface, removing layer by layer.

60
Q

What is mountaintop removal mining

Where is it commonly done

A

Uses explosives to access ore within a mountain

Appalachian mountains

61
Q

What is acid mine drainage

A

Sulfuric acid produced by anaerobic bacteria acting on sulfur compounds in mining waters. Releases toxic heavy metals from soil or bedrock

AP Environmental Science (4 decks)

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