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Ecology and Evolution > Unit 2.2 > Flashcards

Unit 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

trophic is related to what

A

feeding

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2
Q

predator def

A

an organism that subdues and consumes another living organism as a source of energy

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3
Q

detritivores def

A

organisms that consume dead organic material

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4
Q

scavengers def

A

animals that consume dead animals subdued by others

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5
Q

decomposers def

A

organisms that breakdown dead organic material into elemental components

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6
Q

what are decomposers mainly

A

bacteria and fungi

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7
Q

predators include what

A

parasitoids, cannibals, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

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8
Q

parasitoids def

A

a parasite that kills their host

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9
Q

cannibals def

A

organisms that consume their own kind

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10
Q

herbivores def

A

organisms that consume living plant tissue

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11
Q

carnivores def

A

organisms that consume living animal tissue

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12
Q

omnivores def

A

organisms that feed on tissues from more than one kingdom

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13
Q

prey def

A

an organism that is consumed by another organism

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14
Q

what does the lotka volterra predation model show

A

the relationship between predator and prey abundance

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15
Q

what assumption is the lotka volterra predation model based on

A

the assumption that predator and prey interactions are the only driving force regulating populations

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16
Q

what do populations of predators and prey do over time

A

they will oscillate in a cycle over time

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17
Q

current state of low prey and high predator will lead to what

A

to low prey and low predators

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18
Q

current state of low prey and low predator will lead to what

A

to high prey and low predatorsc

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19
Q

current state of high prey and low predator will lead to what

A

to high prey and high predator

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20
Q

current state of high prey and high predator will lead to what

A

to low prey and high predator

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21
Q

data input graph leads to what

A

prediciton model of an output graph

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22
Q

predator isocline def

A

verticle line marking zero growth of predators

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23
Q

prey isocline def

A

horizontal line marking zero growth of prey

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24
Q

what are the two major types of predator and prey interactions

A

plant- herivore
herbivore- carnivore (or carnivore-carnivore)

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25
Q

what happens to plant in plant-herbivore interaction

A

either parts or entire plant may be consumed

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26
Q

what happens in most cases to plants in plant-herb interaction

A

there is a negative impact on the plants fitness

27
Q

is there ever a positive effect on the plant in a plant-herb interaction

A

yes, like seed dispersal

28
Q

do plant-herb interactions match the lotka volterrra model and why

A

rarely. because of abundance of plants

29
Q

are predators ever limited by amounts of prey

A

yes, sometimes depends on location, herbivore’s specialty of eating, or if there’s a limited space for the plants to groups.

30
Q

what in a plants community can be influenced by herbivores

A

richness, succession, and ecosystem function

31
Q

herb affecting plant richness

A

by altering competition so that dominant plants cant take over

32
Q

herb affecting plant successin

A

by preventing certain plants from estabishing

33
Q

herb affecting plant ecosystem function

A

the function of plants will be determined by their composition and fitness

34
Q

what does the amount of influence herbivory has on a plant community depend on

A

the type of predators
the types and degrees of plant defenses
the predators abilities to counter the plant defenses

35
Q

monophagous def

A

specialists that eat one type of plant

36
Q

polyphagous def

A

specialists that eat multiple types of plants

37
Q

plant defenses ex

A

noxious chemicals
mechanical
repellents
reproductive inhibition
predator satiation
defensive associations

38
Q

quantitative part of noxious chemicals

A

substances ingested in large amounts that prevent digestion, the more you eat , the less is digested

39
Q

qualitative part of noxious chemicals

A

toxin substances ingested in small amounts that often result in death, often have selective toxicity

40
Q

type of mechanical defense

A

spines or thorns

41
Q

type of repellent defense

A

substances that repel herbivores without ingestion, like thistles

42
Q

reproductive inhibiiton defense

A

hormone derivatives that prevent sexual development

43
Q

predator satiation defense

A

production of additional biomass to offset loss to herbivorse

44
Q

defensive associations defense

A

when palatable plants hang out with unpalatable plants

45
Q

what does the arms race mean

A

herbivores evolved to deal with the plant defenses

46
Q

what might herbivores do in the arms race

A

metabolize chemicals
incorporate chemicals into their own systems
become physically resistant to mechanical deterrents

47
Q

list of prey defenses to advoid being eaten

A

chemicals
warning colors
camouflage
mimicry
armor and weapons
intimidation
power in numbers

48
Q

chemicals for prey defenses

A

toxins, repellents, pheromones

49
Q

warning colors for prey defenses

A

advertise being unpalatable or poisonous
reduce risk of injury

50
Q

camouflage for prey defenses

A

blending in with the environment to avoid detection

51
Q

what are the 2 major types of mimicry

A

batesian mimicry and mullerian mimicry

52
Q

batesian mimicry def

A

a palatable organism mimics an unpalatable one

53
Q

mullerian mimicry def

A

2 or more different impalatable prey mimic each other

54
Q

armor and weapons def

A

physical protection

55
Q

intimidation def

A

can you scare a predator away?

56
Q

power in numbers def

A

overwhelm predators and/or reduce chance of bing selected

57
Q

what are some predator offenses

A

hunting tactics,
cryptic coloration and mimicry,
hunting adaptiation

58
Q

cryptic coloration and mimicry def

A

can actually look like another organism to get closer to prey

59
Q

hunting tactics examples

A

ambush, stalk and trap, search and pursue

60
Q

hunting adaptations def

A

for detecting and captureing prey,
add in teeth and claws, heightened sensory capabilities, morphological boosters

61
Q

prey defenses high what means low what

A

increasing energy means decreasing time
increasing time means decreasing energy

62
Q

do herb-carn interactions match the lotka voletera model

A

more commonly, yes, because predators are limited by amounts of prey

63
Q
A

Ecology and Evolution (7 decks)

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