Unit 2.2 Flashcards
trophic is related to what
feeding
predator def
an organism that subdues and consumes another living organism as a source of energy
detritivores def
organisms that consume dead organic material
scavengers def
animals that consume dead animals subdued by others
decomposers def
organisms that breakdown dead organic material into elemental components
what are decomposers mainly
bacteria and fungi
predators include what
parasitoids, cannibals, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
parasitoids def
a parasite that kills their host
cannibals def
organisms that consume their own kind
herbivores def
organisms that consume living plant tissue
carnivores def
organisms that consume living animal tissue
omnivores def
organisms that feed on tissues from more than one kingdom
prey def
an organism that is consumed by another organism
what does the lotka volterra predation model show
the relationship between predator and prey abundance
what assumption is the lotka volterra predation model based on
the assumption that predator and prey interactions are the only driving force regulating populations
what do populations of predators and prey do over time
they will oscillate in a cycle over time
current state of low prey and high predator will lead to what
to low prey and low predators
current state of low prey and low predator will lead to what
to high prey and low predatorsc
current state of high prey and low predator will lead to what
to high prey and high predator
current state of high prey and high predator will lead to what
to low prey and high predator
data input graph leads to what
prediciton model of an output graph
predator isocline def
verticle line marking zero growth of predators
prey isocline def
horizontal line marking zero growth of prey
what are the two major types of predator and prey interactions
plant- herivore
herbivore- carnivore (or carnivore-carnivore)
what happens to plant in plant-herbivore interaction
either parts or entire plant may be consumed
what happens in most cases to plants in plant-herb interaction
there is a negative impact on the plants fitness
is there ever a positive effect on the plant in a plant-herb interaction
yes, like seed dispersal
do plant-herb interactions match the lotka volterrra model and why
rarely. because of abundance of plants
are predators ever limited by amounts of prey
yes, sometimes depends on location, herbivore’s specialty of eating, or if there’s a limited space for the plants to groups.
what in a plants community can be influenced by herbivores
richness, succession, and ecosystem function
herb affecting plant richness
by altering competition so that dominant plants cant take over
herb affecting plant successin
by preventing certain plants from estabishing
herb affecting plant ecosystem function
the function of plants will be determined by their composition and fitness
what does the amount of influence herbivory has on a plant community depend on
the type of predators
the types and degrees of plant defenses
the predators abilities to counter the plant defenses
monophagous def
specialists that eat one type of plant
polyphagous def
specialists that eat multiple types of plants
plant defenses ex
noxious chemicals
mechanical
repellents
reproductive inhibition
predator satiation
defensive associations
quantitative part of noxious chemicals
substances ingested in large amounts that prevent digestion, the more you eat , the less is digested
qualitative part of noxious chemicals
toxin substances ingested in small amounts that often result in death, often have selective toxicity
type of mechanical defense
spines or thorns
type of repellent defense
substances that repel herbivores without ingestion, like thistles
reproductive inhibiiton defense
hormone derivatives that prevent sexual development
predator satiation defense
production of additional biomass to offset loss to herbivorse
defensive associations defense
when palatable plants hang out with unpalatable plants
what does the arms race mean
herbivores evolved to deal with the plant defenses
what might herbivores do in the arms race
metabolize chemicals
incorporate chemicals into their own systems
become physically resistant to mechanical deterrents
list of prey defenses to advoid being eaten
chemicals
warning colors
camouflage
mimicry
armor and weapons
intimidation
power in numbers
chemicals for prey defenses
toxins, repellents, pheromones
warning colors for prey defenses
advertise being unpalatable or poisonous
reduce risk of injury
camouflage for prey defenses
blending in with the environment to avoid detection
what are the 2 major types of mimicry
batesian mimicry and mullerian mimicry
batesian mimicry def
a palatable organism mimics an unpalatable one
mullerian mimicry def
2 or more different impalatable prey mimic each other
armor and weapons def
physical protection
intimidation def
can you scare a predator away?
power in numbers def
overwhelm predators and/or reduce chance of bing selected
what are some predator offenses
hunting tactics,
cryptic coloration and mimicry,
hunting adaptiation
cryptic coloration and mimicry def
can actually look like another organism to get closer to prey
hunting tactics examples
ambush, stalk and trap, search and pursue
hunting adaptations def
for detecting and captureing prey,
add in teeth and claws, heightened sensory capabilities, morphological boosters
prey defenses high what means low what
increasing energy means decreasing time
increasing time means decreasing energy
do herb-carn interactions match the lotka voletera model
more commonly, yes, because predators are limited by amounts of prey
