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Ecology and Evolution > Unit 2.1 > Flashcards

Unit 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Community ecology def

A

the interactions among different species

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1
Q

what does community ecology consider

A

the cost or benefit to each species/organism

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2
Q

Neutral Interactions def

A

there is no cost or benefit to either species. (0,0)

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3
Q

Positive interactions def

A

both species benefit (+ +)

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4
Q

negative interactions def

A

both species experience some cost (- -)

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5
Q

positive-negative interactions

A

one benefits and one will experience a cost ( + - )

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6
Q

examples of pos-neg interactions

A

predation, parasitism, competition at times

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7
Q

one sided interactions def

A

one experiences a benfit or cost, while the other is unaffected ( - 0) or (+ 0)

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8
Q

commensalism is 0, -, + what

A

(+ 0)

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9
Q

amensalism is 0, -, + what

A

(- 0)

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10
Q

competition def

A

when 2 or more organisms use a common resource that is in limited supply

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11
Q

key word to competition

A

limited supply

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12
Q

intraspecific

A

individuals of same species compete

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13
Q

interspecific

A

individuals of diff species compete

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14
Q

interference competition def

A

when there is a direct interaction btwn competitors

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15
Q

exploitative competition def

A

indirect, when the limited resource is consumed by one of the competitors

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16
Q

when did competition as a major factor in ecology come to the forefront and by who

A

by Gause in 1934

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17
Q

Gauses Principle says what

A

2 species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy the same environment

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18
Q

who had the competitive exclusion principle and when

A

Hardin in 1960

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19
Q

were hardins and gauses principles the same? were they accurate?

A

yes and no. they were the same thing but not very accurate. we just thank them for bringing attention to competition as a while

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20
Q

what does competition usually refer to

A

a single resource

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21
Q

diffuse competition def

A

costs of competing for multiple resources at low intensities is compounded to an overall high cost

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22
Q

whats better, lab or filed experiments

A

both are needed

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23
Q

what are 2 long term outcomes of competititon

A

exclusion
resource partitioning

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24
Q

exclusion def

A

when one of the competitors is no longer able to physically exist in the environment in question

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25
Q

resource partitioning def

A

when the competitiors partition the common resource into different, specific resources

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26
Q

is resource partitioning sharing

A

NO.

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27
Q

what is resource partitioning usually associated with

A

with some sort of change in the physiology, behavior, habitat, or morphology

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28
Q

what is it called whtn the morphology is changed

A

character displacement

29
Q

ex of character displacement

A

darwins finches

30
Q

symbiosis def

A

an intimate and protracted association between 2 or more organisms of different species

31
Q

endosymbiosis def

A

when the association involves one of the organisms living within the other

32
Q

lichen isss

A

algae and fungi

33
Q

coral isss

A

algae and animal

34
Q

what are the three symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

35
Q

mutuallism + - 0

A

+ +

36
Q

commensalism + - 0

A

+ 0

37
Q

parasitism + - 0

A

+ -

38
Q

what could symbiosis result in

A

coevolution

39
Q

coevoltution def

A

certain traits of each species evolve in response to the traits of the other. like an adaptation game

40
Q

mutualism def

A

a positive reciprocal relationship where both parties enhance their fitness

41
Q

ex of mutualism

A

endosymbiotic relationship found in lichens

42
Q

why is lichen a thing

A

they feed each other. and they can exist where other things cannot

43
Q

what are involved in coral

A

polyp like anthozoan and binoflagellate algae

44
Q

what are involved in pollinators

A

animals move pollen from one flower to another

45
Q

what are involved in seed dispersers

A

animals that disperse sseds away from the parent plant

46
Q

commensalism 5 examples

A

its 0 +
epiphite plants (snake plant on trees)
barnicles on grey whales
clown fish in amenomee
algae that grow on sloth
egret and wildabeast

47
Q

parasitism is when what

A

one of the parties enhances their fitness by getting nutrients from the other party

48
Q

do parasites kill ?

A

no

49
Q

what are parasitoids

A

parasites that do kill their host outright

50
Q

is parasitism symbiotic or not?

A

depends on the situation, it can be either

51
Q

microparasites def

A

very small with short generation times (viruses, bacteria, protists)

52
Q

macroparasites def

A

relatively large, usually external (ticks, leeches, fungi, mistletoe, worms)

53
Q

ectoparasites def

A

live outside the hosts body

54
Q

endoparasites def

A

live inside the hosts body

55
Q

monophagous def

A

feed off 1 or 2-3 closely related species

56
Q

polyphagous def

A

feed of multiple species

57
Q

what are some micro endoparasites that cause illnessess

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, prions

58
Q

prions are what? found where?

A

proteins found in vertebrate brains

59
Q

what are some effects that parasites can have on their hosts

A

biochemical, abnormal growth, seterility, and behavior

60
Q

special about the lancet fluke?

A

infects snails, ants, cows, back to snails.
each in different effects

61
Q

social parasitism def

A

where one organism is parasitically dependent upon the social organization of another

62
Q

what are the 2 major forms of social parasitism

A

brood parasitism and kleptoparasitism

63
Q

brood parasitism def

A

imposing the care of eggs or young onto surrogate parents

64
Q

kleptoparasitism def

A

forcible theft of prey by the parasite from the host (usually not symbiotic) . occurs in insects and mammals etc.

65
Q

what is the impact of a parastie on a host population dependent on

A

density

66
Q

denisty def

A

concentration, not abundance

67
Q

density dependence is when what

A

when the degree of an interaction is based on the density of the organisms involved

68
Q

what is something that is density independent

A

volcanos, hurricanes, etc.

69
Q

long term effect of parasties

A

can lead to a co evolution process that maximizes fitness in both populations

Ecology and Evolution (7 decks)

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