Unit 2.1 Flashcards
Community ecology def
the interactions among different species
what does community ecology consider
the cost or benefit to each species/organism
Neutral Interactions def
there is no cost or benefit to either species. (0,0)
Positive interactions def
both species benefit (+ +)
negative interactions def
both species experience some cost (- -)
positive-negative interactions
one benefits and one will experience a cost ( + - )
examples of pos-neg interactions
predation, parasitism, competition at times
one sided interactions def
one experiences a benfit or cost, while the other is unaffected ( - 0) or (+ 0)
commensalism is 0, -, + what
(+ 0)
amensalism is 0, -, + what
(- 0)
competition def
when 2 or more organisms use a common resource that is in limited supply
key word to competition
limited supply
intraspecific
individuals of same species compete
interspecific
individuals of diff species compete
interference competition def
when there is a direct interaction btwn competitors
exploitative competition def
indirect, when the limited resource is consumed by one of the competitors
when did competition as a major factor in ecology come to the forefront and by who
by Gause in 1934
Gauses Principle says what
2 species with identical ecological requirements cannot occupy the same environment
who had the competitive exclusion principle and when
Hardin in 1960
were hardins and gauses principles the same? were they accurate?
yes and no. they were the same thing but not very accurate. we just thank them for bringing attention to competition as a while
what does competition usually refer to
a single resource
diffuse competition def
costs of competing for multiple resources at low intensities is compounded to an overall high cost
whats better, lab or filed experiments
both are needed
what are 2 long term outcomes of competititon
exclusion
resource partitioning
exclusion def
when one of the competitors is no longer able to physically exist in the environment in question
resource partitioning def
when the competitiors partition the common resource into different, specific resources
is resource partitioning sharing
NO.
what is resource partitioning usually associated with
with some sort of change in the physiology, behavior, habitat, or morphology
what is it called whtn the morphology is changed
character displacement
ex of character displacement
darwins finches
symbiosis def
an intimate and protracted association between 2 or more organisms of different species
endosymbiosis def
when the association involves one of the organisms living within the other
lichen isss
algae and fungi
coral isss
algae and animal
what are the three symbiotic relationships
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
mutuallism + - 0
+ +
commensalism + - 0
+ 0
parasitism + - 0
+ -
what could symbiosis result in
coevolution
coevoltution def
certain traits of each species evolve in response to the traits of the other. like an adaptation game
mutualism def
a positive reciprocal relationship where both parties enhance their fitness
ex of mutualism
endosymbiotic relationship found in lichens
why is lichen a thing
they feed each other. and they can exist where other things cannot
what are involved in coral
polyp like anthozoan and binoflagellate algae
what are involved in pollinators
animals move pollen from one flower to another
what are involved in seed dispersers
animals that disperse sseds away from the parent plant
commensalism 5 examples
its 0 +
epiphite plants (snake plant on trees)
barnicles on grey whales
clown fish in amenomee
algae that grow on sloth
egret and wildabeast
parasitism is when what
one of the parties enhances their fitness by getting nutrients from the other party
do parasites kill ?
no
what are parasitoids
parasites that do kill their host outright
is parasitism symbiotic or not?
depends on the situation, it can be either
microparasites def
very small with short generation times (viruses, bacteria, protists)
macroparasites def
relatively large, usually external (ticks, leeches, fungi, mistletoe, worms)
ectoparasites def
live outside the hosts body
endoparasites def
live inside the hosts body
monophagous def
feed off 1 or 2-3 closely related species
polyphagous def
feed of multiple species
what are some micro endoparasites that cause illnessess
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, prions
prions are what? found where?
proteins found in vertebrate brains
what are some effects that parasites can have on their hosts
biochemical, abnormal growth, seterility, and behavior
special about the lancet fluke?
infects snails, ants, cows, back to snails.
each in different effects
social parasitism def
where one organism is parasitically dependent upon the social organization of another
what are the 2 major forms of social parasitism
brood parasitism and kleptoparasitism
brood parasitism def
imposing the care of eggs or young onto surrogate parents
kleptoparasitism def
forcible theft of prey by the parasite from the host (usually not symbiotic) . occurs in insects and mammals etc.
what is the impact of a parastie on a host population dependent on
density
denisty def
concentration, not abundance
density dependence is when what
when the degree of an interaction is based on the density of the organisms involved
what is something that is density independent
volcanos, hurricanes, etc.
long term effect of parasties
can lead to a co evolution process that maximizes fitness in both populations
