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Ecology and Evolution > Unit 1.3 > Flashcards

Unit 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of words should we use when talking about natural selection

A

“more likey to” or “less likely to”

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2
Q

Describe the little chart of Natural Selection

A

is Environment-> selects for -> Genetic Material -> produces -> Traits -> interact with -> environment
and selection is based on fitness

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3
Q

Genes that produce traits that tend to increase fitness are _______ to be selected by the environment

A

more likely

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4
Q

genes that produce traits that tend to ——– fitness are less likely to be selected by the environment

A

decrease

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5
Q

We are linking the environment and biota .. how?

A

by considering relationships between organisms, energy, and matter

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6
Q

there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the first one.

A

energy flow in ecosystems is linear, and not a circle

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7
Q

there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the second one.

A

matter constantly recycles and moves in numerous cycles withing and among ecosystems

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8
Q

there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the third one.

A

the abiotic environment will ultimately determine whre na dhow successfully species live

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9
Q

matter def

A

anything with mass that takes up space

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10
Q

energy def

A

the capacity to do work

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11
Q

energy ex

A

chemical, heat, radiant, electrical, etc

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12
Q

work def

A

any change in the state or motion of matter

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13
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed. although it can be transffered or changed

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14
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

entropy tends to increase

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15
Q

entropy def

A

is the state of disorder

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16
Q

all living things require what

A

energy

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17
Q

all systems tend to go towards what

A

entropy

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18
Q

all systems are not _____- into chas

A

spontaneously expoding

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19
Q

why do all biological systems require energy

A

to advoid entropy and to do work

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20
Q

how do organisms most efficiently acquire and process energy

A

by maintaining consistency (most effective)

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21
Q

what do organisms attempt to do when the external environment changes

A

maintain a steady internal environment

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22
Q

Homeostasis def

A

maintenance of a relatively constant interal environment despite the external environment

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23
Q

what are the big 3 terms

A

natural selection, fitness, homeostasis

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24
Q

why is the body at 98.6

A

to let the body be optimal, so that energy can be used elsewhere

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25
Q

what is homeostatis

A

the optimal balnce, as well as it is a trait

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26
Q

is the relationship btwen organisms and temperature important

A

yes

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27
Q

what does temp do

A

regulate all kinds of things

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28
Q

poikilotherm def

A

have variable internal temperatures

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29
Q

homeotherms def

A

have realtively constant internal temperatures

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30
Q

ectotherms def

A

use the external environment to maintain internal temperatures

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31
Q

endotherms def

A

use internal processes to maintain internal temperatures

32
Q

stenotherm def

A

exist only in a narrow range of external temperatures

33
Q

eurytherms def

A

may exist in a wide range of external tempertaures

34
Q

name the different temp and organisms relationships

A

poikilotherms and homeotherms
ectotherms and endotherms
stenotherms and eurytherms

35
Q

can things that are one name like (homeo) act like a poikilo? and so on?

A

yes

36
Q

are different strategies always mutually exclusive

A

no

37
Q

what do biological systems use energy for

A

to fight off entropy and then do work

38
Q

what is energy used for

A

to maintain order
hold off entropy
and do work

39
Q

what is the constant source of energy on earth

A

the sun

40
Q

what is the constant source of matter from on earth

A

due to the biogeochemical cycles

41
Q

what are the 6 major ecological cycles

A

transfer of energy
water cycle
carbon cycle
oxygen cycle
nutrient cycles - phosphate and nitrogen i think
population and community cycles

42
Q

overview of the transfer of energy cycle

A

sun gives to primary producers, then consumers, they all do respiration, and then die (also do respiration, all ultimately produce heat

43
Q

overview of the water cycle

A

it rains, evaporates, rains, evaporates, etc.

44
Q

overview of the carbon cycle

A

co2 is in the air,, it is then photosynthesised by plants, then goes through detritus, then to fossil fuels which are somehow burned into co2 again.
in addition, there are consumers in the center who perform respiration for co2, and would die and go to the detritus area

45
Q

overview of the nitrogen cycle

A

n2 in air goes through nitrogen fixing to make ammonium, then nitrification to make both nitrites and nitrate, then denitrification to make n2 again.

46
Q

photosynthesis process

A

co2 and h2o makes glucose and o2

47
Q

cellular respiration process

A

glucose and o2 make co2 and h20 and atp

48
Q

Overview of the phosphorus cycle

A

Plants are eaten by animals, are eaten by decomposers, which lead to phosphate in the soil, which grows the plants

49
Q

where is phosphate found

A

in DNA, in genetic material, in ATP , and in phospholipids in the cells

50
Q

What does equilibrium measure

A

A system state that does not change over time

51
Q

What does dynamic equilibrium measure

A

a system state that changes over time within a normal range

52
Q

When a disturbance hits, what happens to the equilbrium

A

It no longer looks like how it should. not oppurating per usual.

53
Q

resistance on the graph

A

could be a straight line, in the normal range, but bordering leaving it

54
Q

resilience on the graph

A

is outside of the normal range and at a constant fluxuation

55
Q

succession def

A

the progression of changing species in a community

56
Q

Disturbance def

A

any relatively discrete event in time that disrupt community structure, and change the physical environment

57
Q

extra info that kris said about disturbances to help with essays

A

they are not good or bad, they are essential, we know their start and end, and they are described in terms of frequency and magnitude

58
Q

frequency def

A

the number of events per time period

59
Q

magnitude def

A

is the measure of intensity and severity

60
Q

intensity def

A

physical force of event per time

61
Q

severity def

A

impact on the organism, community, or ecosystem

62
Q

what is hard about severity measurements

A

you need a before to understand the after. measuring the before is difficult.

63
Q

What are the 2 basic ways in which ecological systems may respond to disturbances?

A

through resistance or resilience

64
Q

resistance def

A

the capacity to maintain natural function and structure after a disturbance

65
Q

resilience

A

the capacity to recover after a natural disturbance

66
Q

homogeneous def

A

of uniform nature, similar in kind

67
Q

heterogenous def

A

differing in kind, variations throughout

68
Q

what do disturbances that affect different portions of the environment differently result in

A

patches

69
Q

patch def

A

continuous, nonlinear surface area within a landscape that differs from the surrounding areas (discrete pattern)

70
Q

what picture can we image due to patches

A

a mosaic

71
Q

what are the major forms of changes in the environment

A

disturbances

72
Q

at what stage does the mosaic of patches occur at

A

all stages, micro to macro

73
Q

environment def

A

generally do not have well defined borders

74
Q

ecotones def

A

the transitional area between two different ecosystems

75
Q

what is an example of an ecotone

A

wetland, riparian zones, edge habitats, estuaries

76
Q

ecotones are often what

A

the most productive and diverse places on the landscape .

Ecology and Evolution (7 decks)

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