Unit 1.3 Flashcards
What types of words should we use when talking about natural selection
“more likey to” or “less likely to”
Describe the little chart of Natural Selection
is Environment-> selects for -> Genetic Material -> produces -> Traits -> interact with -> environment
and selection is based on fitness
Genes that produce traits that tend to increase fitness are _______ to be selected by the environment
more likely
genes that produce traits that tend to ——– fitness are less likely to be selected by the environment
decrease
We are linking the environment and biota .. how?
by considering relationships between organisms, energy, and matter
there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the first one.
energy flow in ecosystems is linear, and not a circle
there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the second one.
matter constantly recycles and moves in numerous cycles withing and among ecosystems
there are 3 major concepts about organisms, energy and matter. whats the third one.
the abiotic environment will ultimately determine whre na dhow successfully species live
matter def
anything with mass that takes up space
energy def
the capacity to do work
energy ex
chemical, heat, radiant, electrical, etc
work def
any change in the state or motion of matter
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed. although it can be transffered or changed
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy tends to increase
entropy def
is the state of disorder
all living things require what
energy
all systems tend to go towards what
entropy
all systems are not _____- into chas
spontaneously expoding
why do all biological systems require energy
to advoid entropy and to do work
how do organisms most efficiently acquire and process energy
by maintaining consistency (most effective)
what do organisms attempt to do when the external environment changes
maintain a steady internal environment
Homeostasis def
maintenance of a relatively constant interal environment despite the external environment
what are the big 3 terms
natural selection, fitness, homeostasis
why is the body at 98.6
to let the body be optimal, so that energy can be used elsewhere
what is homeostatis
the optimal balnce, as well as it is a trait
is the relationship btwen organisms and temperature important
yes
what does temp do
regulate all kinds of things
poikilotherm def
have variable internal temperatures
homeotherms def
have realtively constant internal temperatures
ectotherms def
use the external environment to maintain internal temperatures
endotherms def
use internal processes to maintain internal temperatures
stenotherm def
exist only in a narrow range of external temperatures
eurytherms def
may exist in a wide range of external tempertaures
name the different temp and organisms relationships
poikilotherms and homeotherms
ectotherms and endotherms
stenotherms and eurytherms
can things that are one name like (homeo) act like a poikilo? and so on?
yes
are different strategies always mutually exclusive
no
what do biological systems use energy for
to fight off entropy and then do work
what is energy used for
to maintain order
hold off entropy
and do work
what is the constant source of energy on earth
the sun
what is the constant source of matter from on earth
due to the biogeochemical cycles
what are the 6 major ecological cycles
transfer of energy
water cycle
carbon cycle
oxygen cycle
nutrient cycles - phosphate and nitrogen i think
population and community cycles
overview of the transfer of energy cycle
sun gives to primary producers, then consumers, they all do respiration, and then die (also do respiration, all ultimately produce heat
overview of the water cycle
it rains, evaporates, rains, evaporates, etc.
overview of the carbon cycle
co2 is in the air,, it is then photosynthesised by plants, then goes through detritus, then to fossil fuels which are somehow burned into co2 again.
in addition, there are consumers in the center who perform respiration for co2, and would die and go to the detritus area
overview of the nitrogen cycle
n2 in air goes through nitrogen fixing to make ammonium, then nitrification to make both nitrites and nitrate, then denitrification to make n2 again.
photosynthesis process
co2 and h2o makes glucose and o2
cellular respiration process
glucose and o2 make co2 and h20 and atp
Overview of the phosphorus cycle
Plants are eaten by animals, are eaten by decomposers, which lead to phosphate in the soil, which grows the plants
where is phosphate found
in DNA, in genetic material, in ATP , and in phospholipids in the cells
What does equilibrium measure
A system state that does not change over time
What does dynamic equilibrium measure
a system state that changes over time within a normal range
When a disturbance hits, what happens to the equilbrium
It no longer looks like how it should. not oppurating per usual.
resistance on the graph
could be a straight line, in the normal range, but bordering leaving it
resilience on the graph
is outside of the normal range and at a constant fluxuation
succession def
the progression of changing species in a community
Disturbance def
any relatively discrete event in time that disrupt community structure, and change the physical environment
extra info that kris said about disturbances to help with essays
they are not good or bad, they are essential, we know their start and end, and they are described in terms of frequency and magnitude
frequency def
the number of events per time period
magnitude def
is the measure of intensity and severity
intensity def
physical force of event per time
severity def
impact on the organism, community, or ecosystem
what is hard about severity measurements
you need a before to understand the after. measuring the before is difficult.
What are the 2 basic ways in which ecological systems may respond to disturbances?
through resistance or resilience
resistance def
the capacity to maintain natural function and structure after a disturbance
resilience
the capacity to recover after a natural disturbance
homogeneous def
of uniform nature, similar in kind
heterogenous def
differing in kind, variations throughout
what do disturbances that affect different portions of the environment differently result in
patches
patch def
continuous, nonlinear surface area within a landscape that differs from the surrounding areas (discrete pattern)
what picture can we image due to patches
a mosaic
what are the major forms of changes in the environment
disturbances
at what stage does the mosaic of patches occur at
all stages, micro to macro
environment def
generally do not have well defined borders
ecotones def
the transitional area between two different ecosystems
what is an example of an ecotone
wetland, riparian zones, edge habitats, estuaries
ecotones are often what
the most productive and diverse places on the landscape .
