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Human Anatomy > Unit 20 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 20 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

the female and male reproductive systems share
several general characteristics.

Such structures are called ______

A

“homologous”

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2
Q

Both reproductive systems have primary sex organs, called ____
ovaries in females and testes in males.

A

“gonads”

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3
Q

The gonads produce sex cells called ____ which

unite to form a new individual.

A

“gametes”

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4
Q

Female gametes are called _____, whereas male gametes are called “sperm”

A

“oocytes”

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5
Q

The sexual union between a male and female is known as ____

A

“copulation”, “coitus”, or “sexual intercourse”

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6
Q 
At \_\_\_\_\_ (Latin for “grown up”), external sex characteristics become more prominent, such as breast enlargement in females and pubic hair in both sexes, and
the reproductive organs become fully functional.
A

“puberty”

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7
Q

Females experience their first menstrual bleeding, called _____

A

“menarche”

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8
Q

However, the female reproductive tract typically produces and releases a single gamete (oocyte) monthly, while the male reproductive tract produces large numbers
(millions per day) of gametes (sperm) daily

A

True

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9
Q 
A female is born with a mostly fixed number of immature oocytes and releases them
from puberty (at about age 11-12) until \_\_\_\_\_ at about age 45-55.
A

“menopause”

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10
Q

The release of a mature oocyte is called _____.

A

“ovulation”

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11
Q

_____ is the termination of ovulation and a woman’s monthly cycles

A

Menopause

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12
Q

is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs that is circumscribed anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, and posterior by the coccyx

A

“perineum”

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13
Q

Two distinct triangle bases are formed by an imaginary horizontal line extending
between the ischial tuberosities of the ossa coxae.
1) The anterior triangle, called the _____, contains:
(a) The urethral and vaginal orifices in females.
(b) The base of the penis and the scrotum in males.
2) The posterior triangle, called the_____, is the location of the anus in both
sexes.

A

“urogenital triangle”

“anal triangle”

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14
Q

As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major deadend recesses, or pouches.

A

The anterior “vesicouterine pouch”

The posterior “rectouterine pouch”

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15
Q

forms the space between the uterus and the

urinary bladder.

A

“vesicouterine pouch”

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16
Q

forms the space between

the uterus anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.

A

“rectouterine pouch” (“Douglas’ cul-de-sac”)

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17
Q

This pouch is the lowest point in the female pelvic cavity and provides a site for surgical entry into the peritoneal cavity (i.e. - culdocentesis)

A

“rectouterine pouch” (“Douglas’ cul-de-sac”)

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18
Q

The primary sex organs of the female are the _____

A

ovaries.

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19
Q

A double fold of peritoneum, called the ______ attaches to each ovary and
secures it to a “broad ligament”, which is a drape of peritoneum that hangs over the uterus

A

“mesovarium”,

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20
Q

Each ovary is anchored to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by an ______, which is the superior portion of the “round ligament” of the uterus

A

“ovarian

ligament”

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21
Q

Finally, a _____ attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall.

A

“suspensory ligament”

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22
Q

The ovarian blood vessels and nerves are housed within each _____

A

suspensory

ligament

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23
Q

Each ovary is supplied by an ______, which is a direct branch off the
aorta, immediately inferior to the renal vessels.

A

“ovarian artery”

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24
Q

Each ovary is drained by an “ovarian vein”; the left ovarian vein drains into the
left renal vein while the right ovarian vein drains directly into the ___

A

inferior vena

cava.

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25
Q

The ____, also called “fallopian tubes”, “oviducts”, or “salpinges” extend laterally from both sides of the
uterus toward the ovaries

A

“uterine tubes”

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26
Q

In these tubes, the oocyte is fertilized by sperm and the pre-embryo begins to develop as it travels toward the uterus.

A

Uterine Tubes

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27
Q

Smooth muscle fibers within both the _____ contract at the time of ovulation to bring the ovaries into close proximity with the
uterine tube openings

A

mesovarium and the suspensory ligament

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28
Q

The uterine tubes are about 4 inches long and are supported by a specific portion of
the broad ligament.

A

True

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29
Q

The funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the uterine tube near the ovary is called the
_____

A

“infundibulum”

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30
Q

The numerous individual fingerlike folds of infundibulum are called ____

A

“fimbriae”

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31
Q

The fimbriae of the infundibulum enclose the ovary only at the time of ovulation

A

True

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32
Q

The wall of the uterine tube consists of several layers:

A

Mucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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33
Q

The ______ is a pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity.

A

“uterus”

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34
Q

Normally, the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly across the superior surface of the
urinary bladder, a position referred to as ____.

A

“anteverted”

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35
Q

If the uterus is positioned posterosuperiorly (so it is projected toward the rectum),
this position is called ______

A

“retroverted”.

In older women, the uterus may shift from anteverted to retroverted.

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36
Q

The uterus is partitioned into several regions:

A

Fundus - broad, curved superior region extending between the lateral attachments of the uterine tubes.

Body - the major part of the middle portion of the uterus and is composed of a thick wall of smooth muscle

“isthmus” - The narrow transition zone between the body and the cervix

Cervix - is the narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina.

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37
Q

Within the cervix is narrow channel called the _____, which connects to the vagina inferiorly.

A

“cervical canal”

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38
Q
  • The superior opening of the cervical canal within the isthmus is the _____
  • The inferior opening of this canal into the lumen of the vagina is called the ______
A

“internal os”

“external os”.

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39
Q

The cervix contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick ______ at the external os

A

This mucous plug is suspected to be a physical barrier that prevents pathogens
from invading the uterus from the vagina.
- The mucous plug thins considerably around the time of ovulation, so sperm may
more easily enter the uterus.

40
Q

______ is one of the most common malignancies in females worldwide. The most important risk factor is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

A

Cervical cancer

41
Q

The _____ has become a very effective method of detecting cervical cancer in its early and curable stage

A

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

42
Q

A health-care professional inserts a metal or plastic instrument called a ______ into the vagina to keep the vagina open in order to examine the cervix.

A

speculum

43
Q

If cervical cancer is present, a portion of the cervix may be removed with a procedure known as a _____. Invasive cancer is treated with the removal of the entire uterus, called a ______

A

cone biopsy, hysterectomy

44
Q

The ______ of the uterus run from the lateral sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal and attach to the labia majora.

A

“round ligaments”

45
Q

These ligaments help keep the uterus in an anteverted position

A

“round ligaments”

46
Q

The _____ develop from the same embryonic tissue as the spermatic cord in males.

A

round ligaments

47
Q

The ______” run from the sides of the cervix and superior vagina laterally to the pelvic wall.

A

“transverse cervical ligaments

48
Q

They help restrict inferior movements of the uterus

A

“transverse cervical ligaments

49
Q

The ______ connect the inferior portion of the uterus posteriorly to the sacrum.

A

“uterosacral ligaments”

50
Q

Many of the ligaments that support the uterus travel between folds of the broad ligament.

A

True

51
Q

Weakness in either the pelvic floor muscles of these ligaments can lead to _____ of the uterus, in which the uterus starts to protrude through the vagina.

A

“prolapse”

52
Q

Despite its name, the broad ligament is NOT a strong support of the uterus.
- Rather, it is a peritoneal drape over the uterus.

A

True

53
Q

Each internal iliac artery extends a ______ branch through the broad ligament to the lateral wall of the uterus

A

uterine artery

54
Q

Venous drainage of the uterus is via the ______ that merge with the internal iliac veins.

A

“uterine veins”

55
Q

The uterine wall is composed of three concentric tunics

A

a serosa called the “perimetrium”, “myometrium”, “endometrium”

56
Q

The outer tunic of most of the uterus is a serosa called the ______, which is continuous with the broad ligament.

A

“perimetrium”

57
Q

a thick, middle tunic of the uterine wall formed from three intertwining layers of smooth muscle

A

“myometrium”

58
Q

The innermost tunic of the uterus is called the ______

A

“endometrium”

59
Q

The muscle cells of this layer hypertrophy during pregnancy to add thickness and strength to the myometrium

A

True

60
Q

It is this layer that proliferates and then sheds on a monthly basis during a female’s menstrual cycle.

A

“endometrium”

61
Q

occurs when part of the endometrium is displaced onto the external surface of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Endometriosis

62
Q

The _____ is a thick-walled, fibromuscular tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract and measures about 4 inches in
length in an adult female.

A

“vagina”

63
Q

The open pathway of the vagina also makes it relatively easy for pathogenic microbes to gain entrance to the female peritoneal cavity to cause ______

A

“pelvic inflammatory disease” (PID).

64
Q

The vagina’s relatively thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics

A

Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

65
Q

consists of a stratified squamous epithelium which produces an acidic secretion that helps prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

A

The inner “mucosa” of vagina

66
Q

Normal ____ that live in the adult female vagina also produce lactic acid to
inhibit the growth of pathogens.

A

flora microbes

67
Q

The inferior region of the vaginal mucosa contains numerous transverse folds, called _______, that provide friction ridges for stimulating the male penis during coitus and to permit stretching of the vagina during coitus or childbirth.

A

“vaginal rugae”

68
Q

Near the external opening of the vagina, called the _____, these mucosal folds may project into the lumen to form a vascularized, membranous barrier called
the _____

A

“vaginal orifice”, “hymen”

69
Q

Rarely, a female may have an imperforate hymen that fails to allow menstrual bleeding to escape when puberty arrives. This retention of shed endometrial
lining and menstrual blood is called ______

A

“hematocolpos”

70
Q

The hymen (also referred to as “maidenhead”) if still present is typically perforated at the first instance of sexual intercourse

A

True

71
Q

The _____ of the vagina has both an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle and an inner layer of circular smooth muscle.

A

“muscularis”

72
Q

The outer “adventitia” contains some inner elastic fibers and an outer layer of loose connective tissue

A

True

73
Q

The external sex organs of the female, termed the “external genitalia” are collectively called the _____

A

“vulva”

74
Q

The _____ is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis and is believed to act
as a cushion during sexual intercourse

A

“mons pubis”

75
Q

The _____ are paired, thickened folds of skin

and connective tissue that are homologous to the scrotum in the male

A

“labia majora”

their outer surface is covered with course pubic hair; they have numerous internal sweat and sebaceous glands.

76
Q

The _____ are paired folds immediately internal to the labia majora.

A

“labia minora”

They are devoid of hair and contain a highly vascular layer of loose connective tissue.

Sebaceous glands are located on the surfaces of these folds, as are numerous melanocytes, resulting in enhanced pigmentation of the folds

77
Q

The space between the labia minora is called the _____

A

“vestibule”

78
Q

Within the vestibule are:

A

(a) The urethral opening
(b) The vaginal orifice
(c) The openings of the “greater vestibular glands”
(d) Within the vestibule, on either side of the vaginal orifice, is an erectile body called the “bulb of the vestibule”

79
Q

secrete mucin as a lubricant for the vagina during sexual excitation.
- These glands are homologous to the male bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands.

A

“greater vestibular glands”

80
Q

Within the vestibule, on either side of the vaginal orifice, is an erectile body called the ______ which becomes erect and increases in sensitivity during
sexual intercourse

A

“bulb of the vestibule”,

81
Q

The _____ is a small erectile body, usually less than 2 centimeters in length, located at the anterior regions of the labia minora.

A

“clitoris”

82
Q

It is homologous to the penis in the male and the terms used to describe the
internal erectile tissue and the external features of the clitoris are identical to those
used to describe the structures of the male penis

A

“clitoris”

83
Q

Female circumcision (female genital mutilation)

A

This is very bad

84
Q

The _____ is the modified sudoriferous gland that forms the majority of the adult female breast

A

“mammary gland”

85
Q

The ____ is a cylindrical projection on the center of the breast.

A

“nipple”

86
Q

The ____ is the pigmented rosy or brownish ring of

skin around the nipple.

A

“areola”

87
Q

The color of the areola may vary, depending on whether or not a woman has given
birth.
- In a “nulliparous” woman (a woman who has never given birth), the areola is _____.
- In a _______ woman (a woman who has given birth), the areola may change to a
darker rose or brown color. This change presumably occurs to make the area
more conspicuous to a suckling infant.

A

rosy or light brown

“parous”

88
Q

the breasts are supported by fibrous connective tissue bands called ____

A

“suspensory ligaments”

89
Q

The mammary glands are subdivided into _____, which are further subdivided into smaller compartments called ______

A

“lobes”, “lobules”

90
Q

Lobules contain secretory units termed ____ that produce milk in the lactating female.

A

“alveoli”

91
Q

The tiny ducts of the lobules merge and form 10-20 larger channels called _____

A

“lactiferous ducts”

92
Q

A ______ drains breast milk from a single lobe.

A

lactiferous duct

93
Q

As each lactiferous duct approaches the nipple, its lumen expands to form a ______, a space where milk is stored prior to release from the nipple

A

“lactiferous sinus”

94
Q

______ which is an x-ray of the breast that can detect small areas of increased tissue density, can identify many small malignancies that are not yet palpable in a self-examination.

A

Mammography,

95
Q

Breast Cancer Treatment

______, where just the tumor is removed.

_______, which is removal of the entire breast but not the underlying lymph nodes or muscle.

________, which is removal of:

  • Breast
  • Lymphatic drainage, including axillary lymph nodes and adjacent connective tissue.
  • Pectoralis major muscle
  • Pectoralis minor muscle
A

“Lumpectomy”

“Simple mastectomy”

“Radical mastectomy”

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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