Unit 20 - Female Reproductive System

Question 1

the female and male reproductive systems share
several general characteristics.

Such structures are called ______

Answer 1

“homologous”

Question 2

Both reproductive systems have primary sex organs, called ____
ovaries in females and testes in males.

Answer 2

“gonads”

Question 3

The gonads produce sex cells called ____ which

unite to form a new individual.

Answer 3

“gametes”

Question 4

Female gametes are called _____, whereas male gametes are called “sperm”

Answer 4

“oocytes”

Question 5

The sexual union between a male and female is known as ____

Answer 5

“copulation”, “coitus”, or “sexual intercourse”

Question 6

At \_\_\_\_\_ (Latin for “grown up”), external sex characteristics become more prominent, such as breast enlargement in females and pubic hair in both sexes, and
the reproductive organs become fully functional.

Answer 6

“puberty”

Question 7

Females experience their first menstrual bleeding, called _____

Answer 7

“menarche”

Question 8

However, the female reproductive tract typically produces and releases a single gamete (oocyte) monthly, while the male reproductive tract produces large numbers
(millions per day) of gametes (sperm) daily

Answer 8

True

Question 9

A female is born with a mostly fixed number of immature oocytes and releases them
from puberty (at about age 11-12) until \_\_\_\_\_ at about age 45-55.

Answer 9

“menopause”

Question 10

The release of a mature oocyte is called _____.

Answer 10

“ovulation”

Question 11

_____ is the termination of ovulation and a woman’s monthly cycles

Answer 11

Menopause

Question 12

is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs that is circumscribed anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, and posterior by the coccyx

Answer 12

“perineum”

Question 13

Two distinct triangle bases are formed by an imaginary horizontal line extending
between the ischial tuberosities of the ossa coxae.
1) The anterior triangle, called the _____, contains:
(a) The urethral and vaginal orifices in females.
(b) The base of the penis and the scrotum in males.
2) The posterior triangle, called the_____, is the location of the anus in both
sexes.

Answer 13

“urogenital triangle”

“anal triangle”

Question 14

As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major deadend recesses, or pouches.

Answer 14

The anterior “vesicouterine pouch”

The posterior “rectouterine pouch”

Question 15

forms the space between the uterus and the

urinary bladder.

Answer 15

“vesicouterine pouch”

Question 16

forms the space between

the uterus anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.

Answer 16

“rectouterine pouch” (“Douglas’ cul-de-sac”)

Question 17

This pouch is the lowest point in the female pelvic cavity and provides a site for surgical entry into the peritoneal cavity (i.e. - culdocentesis)

Answer 17

“rectouterine pouch” (“Douglas’ cul-de-sac”)

Question 18

The primary sex organs of the female are the _____

Answer 18

ovaries.

Question 19

A double fold of peritoneum, called the ______ attaches to each ovary and
secures it to a “broad ligament”, which is a drape of peritoneum that hangs over the uterus

Answer 19

“mesovarium”,

Question 20

Each ovary is anchored to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by an ______, which is the superior portion of the “round ligament” of the uterus

Answer 20

“ovarian

ligament”

Question 21

Finally, a _____ attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall.

Answer 21

“suspensory ligament”

Question 22

The ovarian blood vessels and nerves are housed within each _____

Answer 22

suspensory

ligament

Question 23

Each ovary is supplied by an ______, which is a direct branch off the
aorta, immediately inferior to the renal vessels.

Answer 23

“ovarian artery”

Question 24

Each ovary is drained by an “ovarian vein”; the left ovarian vein drains into the
left renal vein while the right ovarian vein drains directly into the ___

Answer 24

inferior vena

cava.

Question 25

The ____, also called “fallopian tubes”, “oviducts”, or “salpinges” extend laterally from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries

Answer 25

“uterine tubes”

Question 26

In these tubes, the oocyte is fertilized by sperm and the pre-embryo begins to develop as it travels toward the uterus.

Answer 26

Uterine Tubes

Question 27

Smooth muscle fibers within both the _____ contract at the time of ovulation to bring the ovaries into close proximity with the uterine tube openings

Answer 27

mesovarium and the suspensory ligament

Question 28

The uterine tubes are about 4 inches long and are supported by a specific portion of the broad ligament.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the uterine tube near the ovary is called the _____

Answer 29

“infundibulum”

Question 30

The numerous individual fingerlike folds of infundibulum are called ____

Answer 30

“fimbriae”

Question 31

The fimbriae of the infundibulum enclose the ovary only at the time of ovulation

Answer 31

True

Question 32

The wall of the uterine tube consists of several layers:

Answer 32

Mucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

Question 33

The ______ is a pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity.

Answer 33

“uterus”

Question 34

Normally, the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly across the superior surface of the urinary bladder, a position referred to as ____.

Answer 34

“anteverted”

Question 35

If the uterus is positioned posterosuperiorly (so it is projected toward the rectum), this position is called ______

Answer 35

“retroverted”. In older women, the uterus may shift from anteverted to retroverted.

Question 36

The uterus is partitioned into several regions:

Answer 36

Fundus - broad, curved superior region extending between the lateral attachments of the uterine tubes. Body - the major part of the middle portion of the uterus and is composed of a thick wall of smooth muscle “isthmus” - The narrow transition zone between the body and the cervix Cervix - is the narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina.

Question 37

Within the cervix is narrow channel called the _____, which connects to the vagina inferiorly.

Answer 37

“cervical canal”

Question 38

- The superior opening of the cervical canal within the isthmus is the _____ - The inferior opening of this canal into the lumen of the vagina is called the ______

Answer 38

“internal os” | “external os”.

Question 39

The cervix contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick ______ at the external os

Answer 39

This mucous plug is suspected to be a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus from the vagina. - The mucous plug thins considerably around the time of ovulation, so sperm may more easily enter the uterus.

Question 40

______ is one of the most common malignancies in females worldwide. The most important risk factor is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Answer 40

Cervical cancer

Question 41

The _____ has become a very effective method of detecting cervical cancer in its early and curable stage

Answer 41

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

Question 42

A health-care professional inserts a metal or plastic instrument called a ______ into the vagina to keep the vagina open in order to examine the cervix.

Answer 42

speculum

Question 43

If cervical cancer is present, a portion of the cervix may be removed with a procedure known as a _____. Invasive cancer is treated with the removal of the entire uterus, called a ______

Answer 43

cone biopsy, hysterectomy

Question 44

The ______ of the uterus run from the lateral sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal and attach to the labia majora.

Answer 44

“round ligaments”

Question 45

These ligaments help keep the uterus in an anteverted position

Answer 45

“round ligaments”

Question 46

The _____ develop from the same embryonic tissue as the spermatic cord in males.

Answer 46

round ligaments

Question 47

The ______” run from the sides of the cervix and superior vagina laterally to the pelvic wall.

Answer 47

“transverse cervical ligaments

Question 48

They help restrict inferior movements of the uterus

Answer 48

“transverse cervical ligaments

Question 49

The ______ connect the inferior portion of the uterus posteriorly to the sacrum.

Answer 49

“uterosacral ligaments”

Question 50

Many of the ligaments that support the uterus travel between folds of the broad ligament.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Weakness in either the pelvic floor muscles of these ligaments can lead to _____ of the uterus, in which the uterus starts to protrude through the vagina.

Answer 51

“prolapse”

Question 52

Despite its name, the broad ligament is NOT a strong support of the uterus. - Rather, it is a peritoneal drape over the uterus.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Each internal iliac artery extends a ______ branch through the broad ligament to the lateral wall of the uterus

Answer 53

uterine artery

Question 54

Venous drainage of the uterus is via the ______ that merge with the internal iliac veins.

Answer 54

“uterine veins”

Question 55

The uterine wall is composed of three concentric tunics

Answer 55

a serosa called the “perimetrium”, “myometrium”, “endometrium”

Question 56

The outer tunic of most of the uterus is a serosa called the ______, which is continuous with the broad ligament.

Answer 56

“perimetrium”

Question 57

a thick, middle tunic of the uterine wall formed from three intertwining layers of smooth muscle

Answer 57

“myometrium”

Question 58

The innermost tunic of the uterus is called the ______

Answer 58

“endometrium”

Question 59

The muscle cells of this layer hypertrophy during pregnancy to add thickness and strength to the myometrium

Answer 59

True

Question 60

It is this layer that proliferates and then sheds on a monthly basis during a female’s menstrual cycle.

Answer 60

“endometrium”

Question 61

occurs when part of the endometrium is displaced onto the external surface of organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 61

Endometriosis

Question 62

The _____ is a thick-walled, fibromuscular tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract and measures about 4 inches in length in an adult female.

Answer 62

“vagina”

Question 63

The open pathway of the vagina also makes it relatively easy for pathogenic microbes to gain entrance to the female peritoneal cavity to cause ______

Answer 63

“pelvic inflammatory disease” (PID).

Question 64

The vagina’s relatively thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics

Answer 64

Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

Question 65

consists of a stratified squamous epithelium which produces an acidic secretion that helps prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Answer 65

The inner “mucosa” of vagina

Question 66

Normal ____ that live in the adult female vagina also produce lactic acid to inhibit the growth of pathogens.

Answer 66

flora microbes

Question 67

The inferior region of the vaginal mucosa contains numerous transverse folds, called _______, that provide friction ridges for stimulating the male penis during coitus and to permit stretching of the vagina during coitus or childbirth.

Answer 67

“vaginal rugae”

Question 68

Near the external opening of the vagina, called the _____, these mucosal folds may project into the lumen to form a vascularized, membranous barrier called the _____

Answer 68

“vaginal orifice”, “hymen”

Question 69

Rarely, a female may have an imperforate hymen that fails to allow menstrual bleeding to escape when puberty arrives. This retention of shed endometrial lining and menstrual blood is called ______

Answer 69

“hematocolpos”

Question 70

The hymen (also referred to as “maidenhead”) if still present is typically perforated at the first instance of sexual intercourse

Answer 70

True

Question 71

The _____ of the vagina has both an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle and an inner layer of circular smooth muscle.

Answer 71

“muscularis”

Question 72

The outer “adventitia” contains some inner elastic fibers and an outer layer of loose connective tissue

Answer 72

True

Question 73

The external sex organs of the female, termed the “external genitalia” are collectively called the _____

Answer 73

“vulva”

Question 74

The _____ is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis and is believed to act as a cushion during sexual intercourse

Answer 74

“mons pubis”

Question 75

The _____ are paired, thickened folds of skin | and connective tissue that are homologous to the scrotum in the male

Answer 75

“labia majora” their outer surface is covered with course pubic hair; they have numerous internal sweat and sebaceous glands.

Question 76

The _____ are paired folds immediately internal to the labia majora.

Answer 76

“labia minora” They are devoid of hair and contain a highly vascular layer of loose connective tissue. Sebaceous glands are located on the surfaces of these folds, as are numerous melanocytes, resulting in enhanced pigmentation of the folds

Question 77

The space between the labia minora is called the _____

Answer 77

“vestibule”

Question 78

Within the vestibule are:

Answer 78

(a) The urethral opening (b) The vaginal orifice (c) The openings of the “greater vestibular glands” (d) Within the vestibule, on either side of the vaginal orifice, is an erectile body called the “bulb of the vestibule”

Question 79

secrete mucin as a lubricant for the vagina during sexual excitation. - These glands are homologous to the male bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands.

Answer 79

“greater vestibular glands”

Question 80

Within the vestibule, on either side of the vaginal orifice, is an erectile body called the ______ which becomes erect and increases in sensitivity during sexual intercourse

Answer 80

“bulb of the vestibule”,

Question 81

The _____ is a small erectile body, usually less than 2 centimeters in length, located at the anterior regions of the labia minora.

Answer 81

“clitoris”

Question 82

It is homologous to the penis in the male and the terms used to describe the internal erectile tissue and the external features of the clitoris are identical to those used to describe the structures of the male penis

Answer 82

“clitoris”

Question 83

Female circumcision (female genital mutilation)

Answer 83

This is very bad

Question 84

The _____ is the modified sudoriferous gland that forms the majority of the adult female breast

Answer 84

“mammary gland”

Question 85

The ____ is a cylindrical projection on the center of the breast.

Answer 85

“nipple”

Question 86

The ____ is the pigmented rosy or brownish ring of | skin around the nipple.

Answer 86

“areola”

Question 87

The color of the areola may vary, depending on whether or not a woman has given birth. - In a “nulliparous” woman (a woman who has never given birth), the areola is _____. - In a _______ woman (a woman who has given birth), the areola may change to a darker rose or brown color. This change presumably occurs to make the area more conspicuous to a suckling infant.

Answer 87

rosy or light brown “parous”

Question 88

the breasts are supported by fibrous connective tissue bands called ____

Answer 88

“suspensory ligaments”

Question 89

The mammary glands are subdivided into _____, which are further subdivided into smaller compartments called ______

Answer 89

“lobes”, “lobules”

Question 90

Lobules contain secretory units termed ____ that produce milk in the lactating female.

Answer 90

“alveoli”

Question 91

The tiny ducts of the lobules merge and form 10-20 larger channels called _____

Answer 91

“lactiferous ducts”

Question 92

A ______ drains breast milk from a single lobe.

Answer 92

lactiferous duct

Question 93

As each lactiferous duct approaches the nipple, its lumen expands to form a ______, a space where milk is stored prior to release from the nipple

Answer 93

“lactiferous sinus”

Question 94

______ which is an x-ray of the breast that can detect small areas of increased tissue density, can identify many small malignancies that are not yet palpable in a self-examination.

Answer 94

Mammography,

Question 95

Breast Cancer Treatment ______, where just the tumor is removed. _______, which is removal of the entire breast but not the underlying lymph nodes or muscle. ________, which is removal of: - Breast - Lymphatic drainage, including axillary lymph nodes and adjacent connective tissue. - Pectoralis major muscle - Pectoralis minor muscle

Answer 95

“Lumpectomy” “Simple mastectomy” “Radical mastectomy”