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Human Anatomy > Unit 19 - Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 19 - Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

In the male the primary gonads are the _______

A

“testes”

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2
Q

The ideal temperature for producing and storing sperm is about _____ Celsius lower than body temperature (94oF or 34.4oC).

A

3 degrees

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3
Q

The _______, which is a skin-covered sac between the thighs, provides the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development and maturation

A

“scrotum”

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4
Q

The scrotum is subdivided into two longitudinal compartments by a fibrous
_______

A

“scrotal septum”

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5
Q

Purpose of scrotal septum

A

This compartmentalization helps limit trauma or infection to one testis.

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6
Q

The scrotum is homologous to the _____ in the female

A

labia majora

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7
Q

Externally, the scrotum contains a distinct, ridgelike seam at the midline, called the
______

A

“raphe”

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8
Q

When the testes are exposed to elevated temperatures, the ______ relaxes, which unwrinkles the skin of the scrotum and allows the testes to be placed further
from the body

A

dartos muscle

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9
Q

At the same time, another muscle (the _______) also relaxes to allow
the testes to move inferiorly away from the body.

A

“cremaster muscle”

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10
Q

the cremaster muscle is composed of ______ muscle and

extends along the spermatic cord.

A

skeletal

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11
Q

The blood vessels and nerves to the testis travel from within the abdomen to the scrotum in a multilayered structure called the ______

A

“spermatic cord”

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12
Q

The spermatic cord originates in the ______, a tubelike passageway in the inferior abdominal wall.

A

“inguinal canal”

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13
Q

the spermatic cord consists of three layers:

A

“internal spermatic fascia” , cremaster muscle, “external spermatic fascia”

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14
Q

The ductus deferens, travels within the internal spermatic fascia

A

True

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15
Q

The “cremaster (Greek for “a suspender”) muscle” and cremaster fascia (formed
from muscle fiber extensions of the _____ oblique muscle of the aponeurosis) surround the testes and the spermatic cord.

A

internal

Since this thin layer of muscle is actually an extension of the internal oblique muscle
it is possible for it to be contracted voluntarily.

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16
Q

An ______ is formed from the aponeurosis of the external

oblique muscle

A

“external spermatic fascia”

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17
Q

Within the spermatic cord is a singular ________ that is a direct
branch from the abdominal aorta

A

“testicular (gonadal) artery”

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18
Q

The testicular artery is surrounded by a plexus of veins called the _____

A

“pampiniform plexus”.

provides thermoregulation for pre-cooling arterial blood prior to reaching the testes.

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19
Q

The left testis is usually lower than the right testis

A

True

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20
Q

The testes produce sperm and ______ (male sex hormones)

A

androgens

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21
Q

Each testis is covered both anteriorly and laterally by a serous membrane, the _____

A

“tunica vaginalis”.

This membrane is derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

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22
Q

Each testis is subdivided into about 250 separate _____

A

“lobules”.

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23
Q

Each lobule contains up to four extremely convoluted, thin and elongated
______

A

“seminiferous tubules”

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24
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells.

A

“sustentacular cells”, A population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm cells in the adult male

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25
Q

These cells provide a protective environment for the developing sperm cells, and their cytoplasm helps nourish the developing sperm

A

“sustentacular cells”

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26
Q

The sustentacular cells are secured together by tight junctions, which form a
____ that is similar to the blood-brain barrier.

A

“blood-testis barrier”

helps protect developing sperm cells from materials in
the bloodstream

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27
Q

Blood Testis Barrier also protects the sperm from the body’s leukocytes, which may perceive the sperm as foreign since they have different chromosome numbers and arrangements from the male’s other body cells.

A

True

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28
Q

The spaces surrounding the seminiferous tubules are called _____

A

“interstitial spaces”.

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29
Q

Within the interstitial spaces reside the _____ (“cells of Leydig”), which produce the male hormones called ______

A

“interstitial cells”, “androgens”

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30
Q

The most common androgen is _____

A

“testosterone”.

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31
Q

The testes receive blood through the ______ which arise directly from the abdominal aorta and venous blood is drained by the gonadal (testicular) veins

A

gonadal (testicular) arteries

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32
Q

1 )The ______ drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

2) The ______ drains into the left renal vein.

A

right gonadal vein

left gonadal vein

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33
Q

Inflammation of a testis is called _____

A

“orchitis”

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34
Q

Orchitis can occur in cases of _____, a viral infection of childhood.

A

“mumps”

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35
Q

The sperm develop in the ______ and look mature

A

seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

The sperm must leave the seminiferous tubule through a network of ducts and reside in the _____ for a period of time in order to become fully motile.

A

epididymis

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37
Q

The ____ is a meshwork of interconnected channels that

receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules

A

“rete testis”

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38
Q

The channels of the rete testis merge to form the _____

A

efferent ductules

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39
Q

Approximately 12-15 ______ connect the rete testis to the epididymis.

A

“efferent ductules”

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40
Q

The ______ is a comma-shaped structure

composed of an internal duct and an external covering of connective tissue

A

“epididymis

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41
Q

The “head” of epididymis lies on the _____ surface of the testis, while the “body” and “tail” are
posterior to the testis.

A

superior

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42
Q

Internally, the epididymis contains a long, convoluted ______
which is approximately 4-5 meters (about 14 feet) in length!

A

“duct of the epididymis”,

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43
Q

The ______ stores sperm until they are fully mature and capable of being
motile

A

epididymis

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44
Q

When sperm leave the epididymis, they enter the ______

A

“ductus deferens”, also called the “vas deferens”.

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45
Q

The wall of the ductus deferens is composed of:

A

Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

46
Q

As the ductus deferens approaches the superoposterior edge of the prostate gland,
it enlarges and forms the _____

A

“ampulla”

47
Q

The ampulla of the ductus deferens unites with the proximal region of the ______ to form the terminal portion of the reproductive duct system, called the_____

A

seminal vesicle

ejaculatory duct.

48
Q

The “ejaculatory duct” is between 1 and 2 centimeters long and is lined with ciliated epithelium.

A

True

49
Q

The _____ conducts sperm (from the ductus deferens) and a component of seminal fluid (from the seminal vesicle) toward the urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

50
Q

The ______ transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the
body.

A

“urethra”

51
Q

The urethra in males is subdivided into:

A
  • A “prostatic urethra” that extends through the prostate gland
  • A “membranous urethra” that travels through the muscles of the pelvic floor.
  • A “spongy urethra” that extends through the penis
52
Q

Recall from earlier in this section that the vagina is a highly ____ environment to
prevent the growth of pathogens

A

acidic

53
Q

Sperm cannot survive in this type of environment of the vagina, so an alkaline secretion called
_______ is needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

A

“seminal fluid”

54
Q

The paired _____ are located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder adjacent to the ampulla of the ductus deferens

A

“seminal vesicles”

55
Q

It is the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle that merges with the _____ to form the ejaculatory duct

A

ductus deferens

56
Q

The seminal vesicles secrete a viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing both
_____.

A

fructose and prostaglandins

57
Q

The ______ promote widening and slight dilation of the external os of the cervix, which facilitates sperm entry into the uterus

A

prostaglandins

58
Q

The _____ is used to provide energy for the sperm.

A

fructose

59
Q

The _____ is a compact encapsulated organ that is about the same shape
and size as a walnut.

A

“prostate gland”

60
Q

The prostate gland is located immediately inferior to the bladder.

A

True

61
Q

The ____ contains glands that produce a thin, milky-colored, weakly acidic secretion that is
rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA).

A

“prostate gland”

62
Q

a nutrient for sperm health.

A

Citric Acid

63
Q

an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in the

male

A

seminalplasmin

64
Q

acts as an enzyme to help liquefy semen following ejaculation.

A

prostatic-specific antigen (PSA)

65
Q

a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland

a common disorder in older men

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

66
Q

In BPH, large, discrete nodules form within the prostate and compress the prostatic urethra. Thus, the patient has difficulty starting and stopping a stream of urine, and often complains of nocturia (excessive urinating at night), polyuria (more-frequent urination), and dysuria (painful urination)

A

True

67
Q

an instrument called a ______ is inserted into the urethra to cut away the problematic prostate enlargement.

A

resectoscope

68
Q

one of the most common malignancies among men over 50, and the risk of developing it increases with age

A

Prostate cancer

69
Q

A very effective screening tool is a ______, whereby a physician inserts a finger into the rectum and palpates adjacent structures

A

digital rectal exam

70
Q

Paired, pea-shaped ______ are located within

the muscles of the pelvic floor on each side of the membranous urethra

A

“bulbourethral glands” (“Cowper’s glands”)

71
Q

Each bulbourethral gland has a short duct that projects into the bulb (base) of the penis and enters the spongy urethra.

Their secretory product is a clear, viscous mucin that forms mucus.

A

True

72
Q

What gland is responsible for this?

As a component of seminal fluid, this mucin protects the urethra and serves as a
lubricant during sexual intercourse.
- This mucin is released upon sexual excitation and prior to ejaculation.

A

“bulbourethral glands”

73
Q

Seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines with sperm from the testes to make up ______

A

“semen”

74
Q

When released during intercourse, semen is called the ______, and it is normally
about 3 to 5 milliliters in volume and contains approximately 200 to 500 million
spermatozoa.

A

“ejaculate”

75
Q

In a sexually active male, the average transit time of human spermatozoa, form their release into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, passage through the duct system, and appearance in the ejaculate, is about ____

A

2 weeks.

76
Q

The tip of the penis is called the_____, and it contains the ______

A

“glans, “external urethral orifice”

77
Q

At the distal end of the penis, the skin is attached to a raised edge of the glans and forms a circular fold called the _____

A

“prepuce”

78
Q

the surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin) of the penis

A

circumcision

79
Q

Within the shaft of the penis are three cylindrical erectile bodies.

1) The paired _____ are located dorsolaterally.
(a) Each corpus cavernosum terminates in the shaft of the penis.

2) Inferior to them in the midline is the single _____, which contains
the spongy urethra
(a) The corpus spongiosum continues within the glans.

A

“corpora cavernosa”, “corpus spongiosum”

80
Q

_____ innervation is responsible for erection of the penis.

A

Parasympathetic

81
Q

The erectile bodies are composed of a complex network of _____
surrounded by a central artery.

A

“venous spaces”

82
Q

_____ is the process by which semen is expelled

from the penis with the help of rhythmic contractions of the urethra.

A

“Ejaculation”

83
Q

_____ innervation is responsible for ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

parasympathetic innervation is necessary to achieve an erection, while
sympathetic innervation promotes ejaculation.

A

True

85
Q

_____, also known as sexually transmitted diseases, or venereal diseases, are a group of infectious diseases that are usually transmitted via sexual contact.

A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

86
Q

STIs are a leading cause of _____ in women, in which the pelvic organs become infected

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

87
Q

the most frequently reported bacterial STI in the United States.

These symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination (in both males and females), and low back pain

A

Chlamydia

88
Q

is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). Infected individuals undergo cyclic outbreaks of blister formation in the genital and anal regions; the blisters are filled with fluid containing millions of infectious viruses

A

Genital herpes

89
Q

is spread either by sexual contact or from mother to newborn at the time of delivery. Symptoms include painful urination and/or a yellowish discharge from the penis or vagina.

A

Gonorrhea

90
Q

caused by the corkscrew-shaped bacterium Treponema pallidum. The bacterium is spread sexually via contact with a syphilitic sore (called a chancre [shan′ker]), or a newborn may acquire it in utero

A

Syphilis

91
Q

The female and male reproductive structures originate from the same basic _____,
which differentiate into male or female structures, depending upon the signals the primordia receive.

A

primordia

92
Q

_____ refers to the sex of an individual based on his or her sex chromosomes

A

“Genetic sex”

93
Q

An individual with two X chromosomes is a genetic ____, while an individual
with one X and one Y chromosome is a genetic ____.

A

female, male

94
Q

50% of male sperm have the X sex chromosome and 50% of male sperm have the Y
sex chromosome)

A

True

95
Q

Oocytes produced by females only have the X sex chromosome

A

True

96
Q

refers to the appearance of an individual’s internal and

external genitalia

A

“phenotypic sex”

97
Q

A person with testes and male external genitalia (penis and scrotum) is a
______

A

phenotypic male

98
Q

Phenotypic sex starts to become apparent no earlier than the _____ week of
embryonic development.

A

seventh

99
Q

In males, a ______ is located on a specific part of the Y chromosome called the sex-determining region

A

“testis-determining factor (TDF) gene”

If the Y chromosome is present, the TDF gene produces proteins to stimulate the production of other hormones (i.e. - testosterone and other androgens) that initiate
male phenotypic development

100
Q

If a Y chromosome is absent (i.e. - the individual is a genetic female), or if the Y
chromosome is lacking TDF, a female phenotypic sex is produced.

A

True

101
Q

The female phenotypic sex may be thought of as the organism’s default pattern.

A

True

102
Q

_____ refer to a series of disorders where there is a discrepancy between a person’s genotype (and gonad development) and their external genitalia. (The previous term used to describe this condition is hermaphrodite

A

Intersex conditions, or disorders of sex development

103
Q

also known as true hermaphroditism, refers to an individual with both ovarian and testicular structures (which typically does not have the potential for fertility) and ambiguous (or female) external genitalia. The person may be a genetic male (XY) or a genetic female (XX).

A

True gonadal intersex

104
Q

refers to an individual whose genetic sex and phenotypic sex do not match.

A

Pseudohermaphroditism

105
Q

A _____ intersex individual, previously known as a male pseudohermaphrodite, is a genetic male (XY) whose external genitalia resemble those of a female (female phenotypic sex)

A

46 XY

commonly is caused by androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

106
Q

A _____ intersex individual, previously known as a female pseudohermaphrodite, is a genetic female (XX) with external genitalia that resemble those of a male (male phenotypic sex)

A

46 XX

107
Q

indifferent gonad originates near the level of thoracic vertebra T10 and is
located retroperitoneally

A

True

108
Q

A thin band of connective tissue called the _____
attaches to the testis and pulls it from the abdomen, through the developing inguinal canal, to its final placement in the scrotum

A

“gubernaculum”

109
Q

the round ligaments in females, which run from the
lateral sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, and attach to the labia
majora, are the remnants of the female_____

A

gubernacula

110
Q

It is common for premature male babies to have undescended testes because they
were born before the testes had fully descended into the scrotum.
1) Their testes usually descend shortly after birth.

A

True

111
Q

. The failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth is
referred to as _____

A

“cryptorchidism”

112
Q

The external genitalia appear very similar between males and females until about
week ____ of fetal development, and they do not become clearly differentiated until
about week 20.

A

12

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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