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Human Anatomy > Unit 11 - The Brain > Flashcards

Unit 11 - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What determines intelligence in the human brain

A

Active synapses

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2
Q

A typical human brain has a volume of 1300 cc and weighs around

A

3 Pounds

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3
Q

When viewed superiorly, the cerebrum is divided into two halves, what are they

A

the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Each hemisphere may be further subdivided into five functional areas called

A

Lobes

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5
Q

The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called

A

Gyri

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6
Q

The shallow depressions between the folds of the outer surface of the brain

A

Sulci

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7
Q

Two directional terms are often used to describe brain anatomy, what are they

A

Rostral - Toward Nose, synonymous with superior

Caudal - Toward Tail, synonymous with inferior

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8
Q

By the fifth week of embryonic development, a total of five regions appear, what are they

A
  1. Telencephalon - which eventually forms the cerebrum.
  2. Diencephalon - which eventually forms the
    thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
  3. Mesencephalon - which forms a short section of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the pons.
  4. Metencephalon - which eventually forms the pons and
    cerebellum.
  5. Myelencephalon - which eventually forms the
    medulla oblongata.
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9
Q

What grows rapidly and surrounds the diencephalon during the embryonic and fetal periods?

A

Telencephalon

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10
Q

As the future brain develops, its surface folds, especially in the telencephalon, leading to the formation of what

A

Adult sulci and gyri

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11
Q

What determines the boundaries of the brain’s cavities

A

The bends and creases that occur in the developing brain

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12
Q

What are necessary in order to fit the massive amount of brain tissue within the confines of the cranial cavity

A

The bends, creases, and folds in the telencephalon surface.

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13
Q

When do most of the gyri and sulci develop

A

Late in the fetal period

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14
Q

What two distinct tissue areas are recognized within the brain and spinal cord

A

Gray and White Matter

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15
Q

Gray matter houses what

A

(a) Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
(b) Dendrites
(c) Branching axon terminals
(d) Unmyelinated axons

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16
Q

White matter houses what

A

Myelinated axons, but also dendrites and

associated neuroglial cells.

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17
Q

How does White Matter derive its color

A

From the myelin in the myelinated axons

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18
Q

During brain development, an outer, superficial region of what forms from migrating peripheral neurons

A

gray matter

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19
Q

External sheets of gray matter, called what, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the
cerebellum)

A

Cortex

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20
Q

The white matter of the brain lies ______ to the gray matter of the cortex

This inner region of white matter is called what

A

Deep, Medulla

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21
Q

Sudden decelerations (i.e. - car crashes) can cause gray and white matter in the brain to what

A

To shear at the interface

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22
Q

The spinal cord has white matter as its outer layer and gray matter at its center, true or false?

A

True

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23
Q

The brain is protected and isolated by what multiple structures

A
  1. The bony cranium
  2. Connective tissue membranes, called “meninges”, surround and partition portions of the brain.
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushioning fluid.
  4. The blood-brain barrier prevents the entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream.
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24
Q

What do the meninges do for the brain

A
  1. separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium
  2. enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  3. contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
  4. In addition, some parts of the cranial meninges form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain.
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25
Q

The three connective tissue layers of the meninges

A
  1. pia mater (Innermost layer)
  2. arachnoid (Internal to Dura Mater)
  3. dura mater (Most external layer of meninges)
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26
Q

Which tissue layer of meninges is composed of delicate connective tissue that is highly vascularized and which
tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface

A

Pia Mater

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27
Q

Meninges tissue layer that means “like a spider or resembling a spider’s web”, and this meninx is so named because it is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers

A

Arachnoid

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28
Q

What is immediately deep to the arachnoid

A

The subarachnoid space

The spiderweb-like extensions of the arachnoid extend through this space from the arachnoid to the underlying pia mater

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29
Q

What’s between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater

A

A potential space called the “subdural space”.

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30
Q

What is composed of tough, dense irregular connective tissue that has two fibrous layers

A

Dura Mater

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31
Q

What’s the strongest of the meninges

A

Dura Mater

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32
Q

Within the cranium, the dura mater is composed of what two layers

A

meningeal layer - lies deep to the periosteal layer

periosteal layer - the more superficial layer, forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones..

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33
Q

The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called

A

dural venous sinuses

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34
Q

Dural venous sinuses are typically triangular in cross section, and unlike most other veins, they do not have valves to regulate the venous flow

A

True

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35
Q

The dural venous sinuses are, in essence, large veins that drain blood from the brain and transport the blood to the ________

A

Internal jugular veins

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36
Q

The dura mater and the bones of the skull may be separated by the potential _______

A

Epidural space

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37
Q

What does the Epidural Space contain

A

It contains the arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones of the cranium.

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38
Q

Under normal (healthy) conditions, the epidural space ________

A

Is not a space at all

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39
Q

What makes the epidural space to become a real space and fill with fluid or blood

A

Trauma or disease

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40
Q

A pooling of blood outside of a vessel is referred to as what

A

Hematoma

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41
Q

Occurs as a result of a ruptured artery, when a pool of blood forms in the epidural space of the brain, usually due to a severe blow to the head

A

Epidural hematoma

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42
Q

A hemorrhage that occurs in the subdural space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

Subdural hematoma

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43
Q

This type of hematoma typically results from ruptured veins caused by either fast or violent rotational motion of the head.

A

Subdural hematoma

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44
Q

How do you treat Subdural and Epidural Hematomas

A

accumulated blood removed by surgically drilling a hole in the skull, suctioning out the blood, and ligating (tying off) the bleeding vessel.

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45
Q

Flat partitions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater that extend into the cranial cavity at several locations

A

Septa

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46
Q

Double layers of dura mater are called

A

Cranial dural septa

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47
Q

Cranial dural septa do what

A

Separate specific parts of the brain and provide

additional stabilization and support for the entire brain.

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48
Q

The four cranial dural septa

A
  1. Falx Cerebri
  2. Tentorium Cerebelli
  3. Falx Cerebelli
  4. Diphragma Sellae
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49
Q

The largest of the four dural septa

A

Falx Cerebri

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50
Q

This large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater, located in the midsagittal plane, projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebri

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51
Q

The anterior attachment site for the falx cerebri

A

the crista galli of the ethmoid bone

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52
Q

The posterior attachment site for the falx cerebri

A

the superior portion of the tentorium cerebelli

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53
Q

Running within the margins of the falx cerebri are several _______

A

dural venous sinuses

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54
Q

a horizontally-oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital lobe and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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55
Q

What runs within the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli

A

dural venous sinus

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56
Q

The anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli has a small gap or opening called

A

the “tentorial notch” (“tentorial incisure”) to allow for the passage of the brainstem

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57
Q

Extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the _______ a sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right
cerebellar hemispheres

A

falx cerebelli

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58
Q

What runs in the posterior vertical border of the falx cerebelli

A

A tiny dural venous sinus

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59
Q

The smallest of the dural septa is the ______

A

diphragma sellae

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60
Q

forms a “roof” over the sella turcica of the sphenoid

bone

A

diphragma sellae

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61
Q

A small opening within it allows for the passage of a thin stalk that attaches the pituitary gland within the sella turcica to the base of the hypothalamus located just
above.

A

diphragma sellae

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62
Q

Cavities or expansions within the

brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube

A

The brain “ventricles”

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63
Q

There are four ventricles in the brain, all of which contain cerebrospinal fluid, what are they

A
  1. The two “lateral ventricles” - (the first is in the right cerebral hemisphere while the second is in the left cerebral hemisphere)
  2. The “third ventricle” - a smaller chamber located within the diencephalon
  3. The “fourth ventricle” - shaped like a tetrahedron and is located between the pons and the cerebellum.
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64
Q

What’s the thin medial partition called that separates the two lateral ventricles in the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

the “septum pellucidum”

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65
Q

Each lateral ventricle communicates with what ventricle

A

the third ventricle

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66
Q

Which ventricle narrows at its inferior end before it merges with the “central canal” in the spinal cord

A

The fourth ventricle

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67
Q

a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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68
Q

What bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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69
Q

CSF performs several important functions, what are they

A
  1. Provides buoyancy so that the brain floats, thereby reducing its apparent weight by more than 95% and preventing it from being crushed under its own weight
  2. Provides protection by creating a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements
  3. Provides environmental stability by transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and by removing wastes
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70
Q

Removal of what during spinal taps, causes many persons to complain of headaches, caused in part by a loss of this cushioning buoyancy

A

CSF

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71
Q

refers to the acute brain damage that occurs as a result of an accident or trauma

A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

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72
Q

The most common type of TBI

A

Concussion

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73
Q

a TBI where there is bruising of the brain due to trauma that causes blood to leak from small vessels into the subarachnoid space

A

Contusion

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74
Q

a rare but serious condition called _______, where an individual experiences a second brain injury prior to the resolution of the first injury, and develops severe brain swelling and possible death as a result

A

second impact syndrome (SIS)

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75
Q

preliminary research has shown that TBI patients who received therapeutic __________ made a greater and faster recovery than individuals with similar TBIs who did not receive the therapy

A

progesterone

76
Q

Wastes and excess CSF are eventually transported where

A

venous circulation

77
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the ________, in each of the four ventricles

A

choroid plexi

78
Q

CSF is essentially a filtrate of plasma, in that it contains

A

proteins and salts (ions).

79
Q

The choroid plexi produce CSF at a rate of about

A

500 milliliters (ml) per day

80
Q

The CSF eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the

A

subarachnoid space

81
Q

the total volume of CSF in the subarachnoid space at any given moment ranges between

A

100 ml and 160 ml

82
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid project through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses to form

A

arachnoid villi

83
Q

Collections of arachnoid villi form visible ________

A

arachnoid granulations

84
Q

Excess CSF moves across the arachnoid membrane at the arachnoid villi to return to the blood within the dural venous sinuses

A

True

85
Q

So, to summarize, the CSF is produced by the choroid plexi in the ventricles, flows through the ventricles, enters into the subarachnoid space and the central canal, and is eventually drained back into the blood via the arachnoid villi that empty into the dural venous sinuses

A

True

86
Q

literally means “water on the brain,” and refers to the pathologic condition of excessive CSF, which often leads to brain distortion

A

Hydrocephalus

87
Q

Severe cases of hydrocephalus are most often treated by what

A

inserting a tube called a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt (drains excess CSF from the ventricles to the abdominopelvic cavity)

88
Q

The blood-brain barrier is markedly reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS, where are they

A
  1. At the choroid plexi
  2. At the hypothalamus and the pineal gland (have access to the bloodstream to directly release their hormones into the plasma)
89
Q

the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions.

A

The “cerebrum”

90
Q

readily identified as the two large hemispheres on the superior aspect of the brain

A

The “cerebrum”

91
Q

the center of your intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, and judgment, as well as your voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities

A

The “cerebrum”

92
Q

The outer gray layer of the cerebrum is ________, the inner white layer is _______

A

“cerebral cortex”, and “cerebral

medulla”

93
Q

The surface has folds ______, depressions ______, and deeper grooves called “fissures”

A

Gyri, Sulci

94
Q

The cerebrum is composed of two halves, called the _____

A

left and right “cerebral hemispheres”

95
Q

The paired cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep _________ that extends along the midsagittal plane

A

“longitudinal fissure”

96
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are separate from one another, except at a few locations
where tracts of white matter allow for communication between them.
The largest of these white matter tracts is called what

A

the “corpus callosum” - connects the hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between these hemispheres.

97
Q

While the two cerebral hemispheres appear as mirror images, one hemisphere may play a greater role in controlling certain body activities

A

True

98
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into five anatomically and functionally distinct
lobes, what are they

A

1) The “frontal lobe”
2) The “parietal lobe”
3) The “temporal lobe”
4) The “occipital lobe”
5) The “insula”

99
Q

Lobe that lies deep to the frontal bone and forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere

A

The Frontal Lobe

100
Q

The frontal lobe is primarily concerned with what

A
  • Voluntary motor functions of skeletal muscles
  • Concentration
  • Verbal communications
  • Decision making
  • Planning
  • Personality
101
Q

lies internal to the parietal bone and forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere

A

Parietal Lobe

102
Q

Parietal Lobe is concerned with

A

involved with general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched.

103
Q

Lobe that lies internal to the temporal bone

A

Temporal Lobe

104
Q

This lobe is involved with:

  • Hearing
  • Interpreting speech and language
  • Smell
A

Temporal Lobe

105
Q

Forms the posterior region of each hemisphere and

immediately underlies the occipital bone

A

Occipital Lobe

106
Q

This lobe is responsible for:

  • Processing incoming visual information
  • Storing visual memories
A

Occipital Lobe

107
Q

A small lobe that can be visualized by pulling

aside the temporal lobe.

A

Insula

108
Q

Lobe thats function is apparently involved in:

  • Memory
  • Interpretation of taste
A

Insula

109
Q

Occur when a blow to the head caused the
brain to shift towards the area of impact and injure itself by hitting the inner surface of
the skull, and then rebounding in the opposite direction and injuring itself again by hitting
the skull on the opposite side of the skull where the original blow was delivered.

A

“Coup-contrecoup” injuries to the cerebrum

110
Q

A widely variable disorder of neural development that affects 1 in 88 children in the United States alone

A

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), also known simply as autism

111
Q

Individuals with ASD often are highly sensitive to stimuli such as loud noises or unfamiliar people, and may struggle in adjusting to changes in routine.

A

True

112
Q

ASD varies in severity among those affected (hence the term spectrum in its name), but all are characterized by some form of social and communication difficulties. Some children may experience delays in language acquisition or may be completely nonverbal. Social interaction is difficult, ranging from inability to reciprocate interest during a conversation to being withdrawn into the child’s “own world.” Intelligence also varies widely, from severe cognitive delay to possessing savantlike skills in focused areas like math or music.

A

True

113
Q

In Autism, discomfort due to overstimulation or frustration in the inability to communicate can lead to

A

tantrums or “meltdowns”

114
Q

Other behaviors and traits commonly associated with ASD include repetitive motions like hand flapping or rocking, resistance to changes in routine (e.g., insisting on wearing the same shirt or eating the same meal each day), inability to engage in pretend play, inability to gauge the feelings of others, and intense interest in a particular activity or subject.

A

True

115
Q

was touted as a “cure” for people who were violent or profoundly disturbed in 1930s-1950s

introducing a cutting instrument into the frontal cortex, often through a small hole drilled in the skull in the region of the medial canthus of each eye. The instrument, generally a long, spatula-like blade, was then moved back and forth, severing the frontal cortical connections from the rest of the brain

A

the frontal lobotomy

116
Q

sandwiched between the inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres

A

The “diencephalon”

117
Q

The “diencephalon” includes what

A

includes the epithalumus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

118
Q

The “epithalamus” (Greek for “upon a bed”) partially forms the posterior roof of the _______ and covers the third ventricle

A

diencephalon

119
Q

The posterior portion of the epithalamus houses the

A

“pineal gland” which is an endocrine gland.

120
Q

The pineal gland secretes the hormone ______ which appears to help regulate day-night cycles known as the body’s “circadian rhythm”

A

Melatonin

121
Q

Refers to the paired oval masses of gray matter that

lie on either side of the third ventricle

A

Thalamus

122
Q

Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle

A

The Thalamus

123
Q

the principal and final relay point for all sensory information, except for the sense of smell (olfaction), that will be processed and projected to the cerebral cortex

A

The Thalamus

124
Q

filters out repetitive or non-essential sights and sounds and clues in the cerebrum where the sensory information came from

A

The Thalamus

125
Q

The anteroinferior region of the diencephalon

A

The “hypothalamus”

126
Q

The thin, stalk-like “__________” (Latin for “funnel”) extends inferiorly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

127
Q

It is the master control of the autonomic nervous system. It projects descending axons to the inferior brain stem that influence heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, and respiration. What is it?

A

hypothalamus

128
Q

It is the master control of the endocrine system. Secretes hormones that control the secretory activities of the anterior pituitary gland also produces two hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) that are transported
through axons in the infundibulum and then stored in the posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus

129
Q

The body’s thermostat and controls body temperature. It regulates shivering and sweating

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

Located at the center of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus

131
Q

the part of the brain that controls emotional responses (pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment, and the sex drive).

A

The Limbic System

132
Q

It monitors nutrients (glucose and amino acids) and controls hunger.

A

hypothalamus

133
Q

As the body’s thirst center, it continuously monitors blood solute (dissolved substances) concentration and stimulates thirst or release of fluid.

A

hypothalamus

134
Q

It regulates sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms by acting in conjunction with the pineal gland.

A

hypothalamus

135
Q

A bidirectional passageway for all nerve tracts extending between the cerebrum and the spinal cord.

A

The “brainstem”

136
Q

What are the three regions that compose the brainstem

A
  1. mesencephalon
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
137
Q 
the rostral (superior) portion of the
brainstem
A

mesencephalon

138
Q

The mesencephalon is concerned with what

A

Visual and auditory reflexes

Control of posture and movement

139
Q

a bulging region on the anterior part of the

brainstem that forms from part of the metencephalon

A

The pons

140
Q

What does the pons do

A

The pons acts to relay impulses

The pons also helps regulate breathing by influencing and modifying the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata

141
Q

This is formed from the myelencephalon and is the most caudal (inferior) part of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly

A

medulla oblongata

142
Q

As the central canal extends rostrally (superiorly) towards the pons, it enlarges and becomes the

A

Fourth Ventricle

143
Q

All communication between the brain and spinal cord involves tracts of nerve fibers that ascend or descend through the

A

medulla oblongata

144
Q

In the caudal region of the medulla, most of the descending motor tracts cross to the ____ side of the brain

A

opposite

As a result of the crossover, each cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body.

145
Q

Police snipers wanting to disconnect the brain from the spinal cord will aim for what

A

aim for the medulla oblongata.

The external landmark for a level frontal shot is the tip of the nose

The external landmark for a level side shot is the base of the ear lobe

146
Q

functions of the medulla oblongata

A

(a) Acts as a sensory relay for several cranial nerves.
(b) Acts as a relay to the thalamus
(c) Serves as a cardiac center by regulating the heart’s rate and the strength of its contractions.
(d) Serves as the vasomotor center by controlling the contraction and relaxation of the
smooth muscle in the walls of the smallest arteries (arterioles) to alter vessel diameter and blood pressure.
(e) Acts as the respiratory center and is also influenced by the pons.
(f) It also is involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting.

147
Q

the second-largest part of the brain, and it develops from the metencephalon.

A

The “cerebellum”

148
Q

The two primary layers of the cerebellum

A

outer layer of gray matter called the “cerebellar
cortex”

internal region of white matter that resembles the branches of a tree that is
called the “arbor vitae”

149
Q

the cerebrum is partitioned from the cerebellum by a dural septum called the _______

A

“tentorium cerebelli”

150
Q

important functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. It coordinates muscle contractions and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements ( stores memories of previously learned `movement patterns
    (“muscle memory”)).
  2. adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
  3. maintains resting muscle tone by interacting with muscle spindle fibers in skeletal muscles.
  4. also has a broader role in some of the body’s cognitive functions, including attention, the processing of language, music, and other sensory stimuli.
151
Q

Typical symptoms that include uncoordinated, jerky movements from cerebellum disorders is called what

A

Ataxia

152
Q

A person under the influence of alcohol rarely walks in a straight line, but appears to sway and stagger is called what condition

A

Disturbance of gait

153
Q

When attempting to stand on one foot, a person who is intoxicated usually tips and falls over is called what

A

Loss of balance and posture (Duh)

154
Q

When asked to close the eyes and touch the nose, an intoxicated person frequently misses the mark is called what

A

Inability to detect proprioceptive information

155
Q

The brain has two important functional systems, which are systems that work together for a common function, even though their components may be scattered throughout the brain, what are they

A

The “reticular formation” and the limbic system

156
Q

a loosely organized core of gray matter that projects vertically through the core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It also extends slightly into the diencephalon and the spinal cord as well

A

The “reticular formation”

157
Q

The _______ of the reticular formation communicates with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating muscle tone (especially when the muscles
are at rest).

A

Motor Component

This motor component also assists with the autonomic centers in the medulla and pons to help control respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate

158
Q

The ______ of the reticular formation is responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information

A

sensory component

159
Q

The sensory component of the reticular formation is also known as the ______

A

“reticular activating system” or “RAS”

and it contains sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex.

160
Q

The ______ of the reticular formation is responsible for maintaining a state of awareness or consciousness

A

“reticular activating system” or “RAS”

The RAS processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli and uses this information to keep us in a state of mental alertness.
- Additionally, the RAS arouses us from sleep, such as when an alarm clock wakens us because the RAS receives stimulatory sensory information and sends
it to the cerebrum, thereby arousing it. Conversely, if there is little or no stimuli while in bed with the lights out, you sleep because the RAS is not stimulated to act.

161
Q

Prior to entering the sleep state, an individual becomes _______, a normal level of reduced alertness and awareness associated with an inclination to sleep.

A

lethargic

162
Q

A brief loss of consciousness, termed _____, often signals inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow hemorrhage or sudden emotional stress

A

fainting, or syncope

163
Q

a moderately deep level of unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused only by extreme repeated or painful stimuli.

A

Stupor

164
Q

a deep and profound state of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused, even by repeated or painful stimuli.

A

Coma

165
Q

a condition in which the person has lost his or her thinking ability and awareness of the environment, but noncognitive brain functions continue, such as the brainstem’s monitoring of heart rate, breathing, and the sleep-wake cycle

A

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

166
Q

composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions

A

The Limbic System

167
Q

sometimes referred to as the “emotional brain”

A

The Limbic System

The limbic system exerts an important influence upon the endocrine and autonomic motor systems; its functions also appear to affect motivational and mood states

168
Q

The structures of the limbic system form a ring or border around the ______

A

diencephalon

169
Q

With the help of this system, particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories

A

The Limbic System

170
Q

can occur even though the brain itself is pain-insensitive, due to pressure produced by tumors, hemorrhage, meningitis, or inflamed nerve roots.

A

Headache

171
Q

severe, recurring headaches that usually affect only one side of the head

A

Migraine headaches

172
Q

a group of neuromuscular disorders that usually result from damage to an infant’s brain before, during, or immediately after birth

A

Cerebral palsy

173
Q

Three forms of cerebral palsy involve impairment of skeletal motor activity to some degree, what are they

A

athetoid, characterized by slow, involuntary, writhing hand movements; ataxic, marked by lack of muscular coordination; and spastic, exhibiting increased muscular tone

174
Q

an acute inflammatory disease of the brain, most often due to viral infection

A

Encephalitis

175
Q

characterized by recurring attacks of motor, sensory, or psychological malfunction, with or without unconsciousness or convulsive movements

A

Epilepsy

neurons in the brain fire at unpredictable times, even without a stimulus

176
Q

an autosomal dominant hereditary disease that affects the cerebral nuclei. It causes rapid, jerky, involuntary movements that usually start unilaterally in the face, but over months and years progress to the arms and legs

A

Huntington disease

177
Q

a slow-progressing neurologic condition that affects muscle movement and balance. Patients exhibit stiff posture, an expressionless face, slow voluntary movements, a resting tremor (especially in the hands), and a shuffling gait

A

Parkinson disease

caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine

178
Q

a well-known medical sequence of events that
occurs when the cerebrum pushes down through the tentorial incisure (tentorial notch)
because of head trauma, intracranial bleeding, tumors, inflammation, or cerebral edema

A

Rostrocaudal brain deterioration

One step in this process is called “transtentorial brain herniation”

179
Q

This is the last reversible phase of rostrocaudal brain deterioration

A

decerebrate posturing

the cerebrum and midbrain will push down on the upper pons

180
Q

This is the most common serious disease of the CNS and is referred to as a “stroke”

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

181
Q

Cerebrovascular accidents can be caused by a variety of problems.

A

a. Formation of a “thrombus” (clot) in a cerebral artery.
b. An intracerebral hemorrhage.
c. A bulge in the wall (“aneurysm”) of a cerebral artery that ruptures.
d. Build-up of fatty plaques in a cerebral arterial wall (“atherosclerosis”) that disrupts
blood flow.

182
Q

_______, contralateral paralysis of the body, often occurs in CVA accidents

A

Hemiplegia

183
Q

caused by reduced blood supply to a part of the brain due to a blocked or damaged arterial blood vessel

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

184
Q

a blood clot within the blood vessel

A

thrombus

185
Q

a blood clot that formed someplace else

A

embolus

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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