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Human Anatomy > Unit 13 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Unit 13 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord may be subdivided into five regions, what are they

A
  1. Cervical Region
  2. Thoracic Region
  3. Lumbar Region
  4. Sacral Region
  5. Coccygeal Region
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2
Q

The spinal cord is ______ than the vertebral canal that houses it

A

Shorter

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3
Q

The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ________

A

Conus medullaris

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4
Q

marks the official “end” of the spinal cord proper (usually at the level of the ______)

A

Conus medullaris, first lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

Inferior to the Conus Medullaris, groups of axons, collectively called the _______, project inferiorly from the spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

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6
Q

Within the cauda equina is the _______, helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

A

Filum terminale

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7
Q

The Filum Terminale is a thin strand of ________, helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

A

Pia Mater

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8
Q

Located in the inferior cervical region of the spinal cord, contains the neurons that innervate the upper limbs

A

Cervical enlargement

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9
Q

Extends through the mid-lumbar region of the spinal

cord and innervates the lower limbs

A

Lumbosacral enlargement

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10
Q

The spinal cord is associated with _____ pairs of spinal nerves that connect the CNS to muscles, receptors, and glands

A

31

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11
Q

The spinal cord regions that control the _______ are

larger because more neuron cell bodies are located there, and more space is occupied by the axons and dendrites.

A

Upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

Each side of the spinal cord contains:

(a) ___ cervical nerves (C1-C8)
(b) ____ thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
(c) ____ lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
(d) _____ sacral nerves (S1-S5)
(e) ____ coccygeal nerves (Co)

A 
8 - Cervical
12 - Thoracic
5 - Lumbar
5 - Sacral
1 - Coccygeal
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13
Q

Lies between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebra, and houses loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

A

Epidural Space

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14
Q

A local anesthetic can be injected into the _____ of a pregnant female prior to delivery to deaden sensation from the waist down

A

Epidural space

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15
Q

Some persons believe this type of obstetrical anesthesia is overused and is associated with increased risk to mother and child.

A

Epidural Space Spine Injection

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16
Q

Although the cranial dura mater has an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer, the spinal dura mater consists of

A

Just one layer

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17
Q

At each intervertebral foramen, the _____ extends between adjacent vertebrae and fuses with connective
tissue layers that surround the spinal nerves

A

Dura

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18
Q

Deep to the dura mater and “subdural space” (which is only a potential space)

What’s deep to that?

A

Arachnoid

the subarachnoid space, which is a real space, filled with “cerebrospinal fluid”
(CSF).

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19
Q

The clinical procedure for obtaining CSF is known as
a
(obtains about 3 to 9 milliliters of CSF)

A

lumbar puncture (commonly referred to as a spinal tap)

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20
Q

A lumbar puncture must be performed inferior to this level to ensure the spinal cord is not pierced by the needle

A

at the level of the L1 vertebra

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21
Q

A lumbar puncture typically is made at the level of either the ______

A

L3 and L4 vertebrae or the L4 and L5 vertebrae

To locate this level, the physician palpates the highest points of the iliac crests, which are at the same horizontal level as the spinous process of the L4 vertebra. The physician can then insert the lumbar puncture needle either directly above or directly below the spinous process of L4 when the vertebral column is flexed.

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22
Q

Deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers

A

Pia Mater

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23
Q

This meninx directly adheres to the spinal cord and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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24
Q

The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner _____ region and an outer _____ region

A

Gray Matter, White Matter

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25
Q

The peripheral white matter (composed primarily of myelinated axons) provides a means of neural communication to and from _____

A

The Brain

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26
Q

_________, of the spinal cord, conduct impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors of the body to the brain.

A

Ascending tracts

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27
Q

_________, of the spinal cord, conduct motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands.

A

Descending tracts

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28
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (which is dominated by dendrites and cell bodies of neurons
and glial cells and unmyelinated axons) serves as a center for spinal reflexes.
A

Central gray matter

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29
Q

There is a _______ in the center of the butterfly-shaped gray mater that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

A

central canal

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30
Q

The _______ is continuous with the medulla oblongata and the ventricles of the brain.

A

central canal

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31
Q

all spinal nerves are _____ nerves

A

mixed

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32
Q

Each spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal and travels through an ______ above or below the vertebra of the same number.

A

intervertebral foramen

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33
Q

a. The second cervical spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen between the C1 and the C2 vertebrae

b. The eighth cervical spinal nerve leaves the intervertebral foramen between the C7 and
T1 vertebrae.
c. The spinal nerves inferior to the C8 spinal nerve exit below the vertebra of the same
number.
1) For example, the second thoracic spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal through the
intervertebral foramen between the T2 and T3 vertebrae.

A

True

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34
Q

a specific segment of skin

supplied by a single spinal nerve.

A

“dermatome”

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35
Q

All spinal nerves except for _____ innervate a segment of skin, so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome.

Thus, the skin of the body may be divided into sensory segments that collectively make up a dermatome map

A

C1

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36
Q

a reactivation of their childhood chickenpox infection, a condition termed

A

Shingles

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37
Q

What can trigger the development of shingles?

A

Psychological stress, other infections (such as a cold or the flu), and even a sunburn

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38
Q

Dermatomes are also involved in ______, a phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome

Ex: Left arm pain during Heart Attack

A

“referred visceral pain”

Some common sites of referred pain are useful in medical diagnosis

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39
Q

a network of interweaving spinal nerves

A

Nerve Plexus

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40
Q

Most of the thoracic spinal nerves ____, as well as nerves _____, do not form plexuses

A

(T2-T12), S5-Co1

41
Q

The left and right “cervical plexuses” are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae ________

A

C1-C4

These plexuses are formed primarily by spinal nerves C1-C4.

The fifth cervical spinal nerve is not considered part of the cervical plexus, although it contributes some axons to one of the plexus branches

42
Q

One important branch of the cervical plexus is the _____, which is formed primarily from the C4 nerve and some contributing axons from C3 and C5

A

Phrenic Nerve

43
Q

The phrenic nerve travels through the _____ to innervate the diaphragm.

A

Thoracic Cavity

44
Q

How are Hiccups (“singultus”) caused?

A

by irritation to the phrenic nerve causing
spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm. This movement, in turn, causes the
epiglottis to close suddenly and make the characteristic sound of hiccups

45
Q

Networks of nerves that supply the upper limb.

A

The left and right “brachial plexuses”

46
Q

Each brachial plexus is formed by spinal nerves ______

A

C5-T1

The components of the brachial plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior
to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla

Each brachial plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and the entire upper limb of one
side.

47
Q

Five major named nerves arise from the brachial plexus

A
  1. The “axillary nerve” - innervates both the deltoid and the teres minor muscles. It receives sensory information from the superolateral part of the arm and skin
  2. The “median nerve” - travels along the midline of the arm and forearm and deep to the
    carpal tunnel of the wrist. It innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and several muscles in the palm. It receives sensory information from the palmar side of fingers #1, #2, #3, and the lateral one-half of finger #4 and from the dorsal tips of these same fingers.
  3. The “musculocutaneous nerve” - innervates the biceps brachii and several other anterior arm muscles. It also receives sensory input from the lateral surface of the forearm.
  4. The “radial nerve” - travels along the posterior side of the arm and then along the radial side of the forearm. The radial nerve innervates the triceps brachii and several other muscles on the posterior of the forearm. It receives sensory information from the posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand.
  5. The “ulnar nerve” - descends along the medial side of the arm. It wraps posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and then runs along the ulnar side of the forearm. It innervates some of the anterior forearm muscles and many of the muscles in the palm. It receives sensations from the skin of the dorsal and palmar aspects of fingers #5, and the medial half of finger #4.
48
Q

can be compressed within the axilla, or it can be damaged if the surgical neck of the humerus is broken

A

Axillary Nerve Injury

49
Q

when this is damaged has great difficulty abducting the arm due to paralysis of the deltoid muscle, as well as anesthesia (lack of sensation) along the superolateral skin of the arm.

A

Axillary Nerve

50
Q

subject to injury during humeral shaft fractures or in injuries to the lateral elbow

A

Radial Nerve Injury

51
Q

results in paralysis of the extensor muscles of the forearm, wrist, and fingers

A

Radial Nerve Injury

52
Q

A common clinical sign of radial nerve injury is ______, meaning that the patient is unable to extend his or her wrist

A

wrist drop

53
Q

The patient also experiences anesthesia along the posterior arm, the forearm, and the part of the hand normally supplied by this nerve.

A

Radial Nerve Injury

54
Q

One cause of this is improper use of crutches, a condition called ______

A

Posterior Cord Injury, Crutch Palsy

55
Q

may be impinged on or compressed as a result of carpal tunnel syndrome because of the close confines of this narrow passage

A

Median Nerve

56
Q

the nerve may be injured by any deep laceration of the wrist

A

Median Nerve

57
Q

often results in paralysis of the thenar (thumb muscles) group of muscles

A

Median Nerve Injury

58
Q

The classic sign of median nerve injury is the ________, which develops over time as the thenar eminence wastes away until the hand eventually resembles that of an ape (apes lack well-developed thumb muscles).

A

ape hand deformity

59
Q

The lateral two lumbricals are also paralyzed, and sensation is lost in the part of the hand supplied by the median nerve.

A

Median Nerve Injury

60
Q

may be injured by fractures or dislocations of the elbow because of this nerve’s close proximity to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

A

Ulnar Nerve

61
Q

When you “hit your funny bone,” you have actually hit your _____

A

Ulnar Nerve

62
Q

Most of the intrinsic hand muscles are paralyzed (including the interossei muscles, the hypothenar muscles, the adductor pollicis, and the medial two lumbricals), so the person is unable to adduct or abduct the fingers.

A

Ulnar Nerve Injury

63
Q

the person experiences sensory loss along the medial side of the hand

A

Ulnar Nerve Injury

64
Q

A clinician can test for ______ by having a patient hold a piece of paper tightly between the fingers as the doctor tries to pull it away. If the person has weak interossei muscles, the paper can be easily extracted.

A

ulnar nerve injury

65
Q

A superior trunk injury affects the ______

A

C5 and C6 anterior rami

66
Q

can be injured if the arm is excessively abducted, as when a neonate’s arm is pulled too hard during delivery

A

The inferior trunk of the brachial plexus

67
Q

also may happen when grasping something above the head to break a fall—for example, grabbing a branch to keep from falling out of a tree

A

Inferior trunk injuries

68
Q

The left and right ______ are formed by spinal nerves L1-L4 located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae

A

“lumbar plexuses”

69
Q

Which spinal nerves from the lumbar plexuses

A

L1-L4

70
Q

Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexuses

A

C5-T1

71
Q

Which spinal nerves form the cervical plexuses

A

C1-C4

72
Q

What forms phrenic nerve

A

C4 nerve and some contributing axons from C3 and C5

73
Q

There are two principal named nerves that arise from the lumbar plexus, what are they

A

Femoral Nerve & Obturator Nerve

74
Q

The “femoral nerve” innervates what

A

the quadriceps femoris, the sartorius, and a hip

muscle

75
Q

The femoral nerve receives sensory information from where?

A

from the anterior and inferomedial

thigh as well as the medial aspect of the leg

76
Q

What innervates the gracilis and several other thigh muscles

A

Obturator Nerve

77
Q

Obturator Nerve receives sensory information from where

A

the superomedial skin of the thigh

78
Q

Formed from spinal nerves L4-S4 and are

located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses

A

The left and right “sacral plexuses”

79
Q

The Sacral Plexuses are formed from what

A

spinal nerves L4-S4

80
Q

There are two principal nerves that arise from the sacral plexus, what are they

A

Sciatic Nerve - Composed of two nerves wrapped in a connective tissue sheath (Tibial Nerve & Common Fibular Nerve)

81
Q

It passes deep to the gluteus maximus and piriformis muscles

A

Sciatic Nerve

82
Q

Just superior to the ______ the sciatic nerve splits into the tibial nerve and the common fibular
nerve

A

popliteal fossa

83
Q

The “tibial nerve” innervates what

A

the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, and several

other muscles.

84
Q

Tibial Nerve receives sensory info from what

A

receives sensory impulses from the skin covering the sole (plantar surface) of the foot

85
Q

The “common fibular nerve” (“common peroneal nerve”) branches to innervate what

A

the peroneus longus (fibularis longus), tibialis anterior, and several other muscles of the leg and foot.

86
Q

Common Fibular Nerve receives sensory information from where

A

from the anterolateral part of the leg, the toes, and the dorsal surface of the foot

87
Q

Injury to the sciatic nerve produces a condition known as ________, which is characterized by extreme pain down the posterior thigh and leg

A

sciatica

88
Q

may be injured due to fracture of the neck of the fibula or compression from a leg cast that is too tight

A

Common Fibular Nerve

89
Q

One classic sign of fibular nerve injury is _____, As a person lifts the affected foot to take a step, the lack of innervation of the anterior and lateral leg muscles causes the foot to fall into the plantarflexed position

A

Foot Drop

90
Q

The hollow “neural canal” in the embryonic neural tube develops into the ______

A

the central canal of the spinal cord

the neural canal doesn’t “shrink” in size; rather the neural tube walls grow and expand.

91
Q

A newborn’s spinal cord extends to about the level of

A

L3

92
Q

A child’s spinal cord may extend to the level of

A

L2

93
Q

An adult’s spinal cord typically terminates at the level of

A

L1

94
Q

Trauma to the spinal cord above ____ typically leads to death by asphyxiation because
innervation to the intercostal muscles and innervation to the diaphragm is lost

A

C3

95
Q

paralysis of all four limbs

A

Quadriplegia

96
Q

Trauma between _____ also typically results in “quadriplegia”.

A

C4 and C7

If spinal nerves C3 and C4 are intact, the person will still have a functioning phrenic nerve and be able to breathe with just their diaphragm and not be dependent upon a mechanical respirator.

97
Q

Trauma to the spinal cord between T1 and L1 may lead to _____

A

paraplegia

which is paralysis of both lower extremities and, generally, the lower trunk.

98
Q

What leads to paraplegia

A

trauma to the spinal cord between T1 and L1

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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