UNIT 2 Understanding the Learners 2.3 Theories of Learning Flashcards
CRITERIA OF LEARNING:
- LEARNING INVOLVES CHANGE
- LEARNING ENDURES OVER TIME
- LEARNING OCCURS THROUGH
EXPERIENCE
What is the purpose of learning theories?
For knowledge and understanding
The Big 3 Theories:
- Behaviorism
- Cognitivism
- Constructivism
All behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.
BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
Operates on a principle of
“stimulus-response”.
BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
Confined to observable and measurable behavior.
BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
- CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV) - OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)
Combination of stimuli to
produce a response
2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV)
Consequences lead to changes
in voluntary behavior
2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)
It is about reinforcement &
punishment
2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)
3 stages of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV)
- Before Conditioning
- During Conditioning
- After Conditioning
BEHAVIORISM IN THE CLASSROOM
- Rewards and punishments
- Lecture-based
- Highly structured
CRITIQUES OF BEHAVIORISM
- Free will and internal influences are neglected.
- Advocates passive-student learning.
- One size fits all.
- Knowledge itself is given and absolute.
- There is programmed instruction and teacher-proofing.
Focuses on the processes involved in learning.
COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)
argues that the black box of the mind should be opened and understood.
COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)
learner is viewed as an information
processor (like a computer).
COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)
Studies focused on the mental
processes that facilitate symbol
connection.
COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
- DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
- MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)
Discover learning is an inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned.
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
As a result, students may be more more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
Examples: Simulation-based learning, case-based learning, problem-based
learning.
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
Advance Organizers : Expository, Narrative, Skimming,
Graphic organizer
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)
When learners have difficulty with the new material,
̶ Go back to the concrete anchors
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)
Provide a discovery approach and they will learn.
Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)
COGNITIVISM IN THE CLASSROOM
- Inquiry-oriented projects
- Provides opportunities for
the testing of hypotheses - Curiosity is encouraged
- Stage-scaffolding
CRITIQUES OF COGNITIVISM
- Like Behaviorism, knowledge itself is given and absolute.
- Input – Process – Output model
̶ Mechanistic and deterministic. - It does not account enough for individuality.
- It has little emphasis on affective characteristics.
Knowledge is actively constructed.
CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)
Was framed around metacognition.
CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)
Learning is a search for meaning by
the learner. The responsibility of the
Learner
CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)
Examples: REASONING and
PROBLEM-SOLVING skills
CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)
CONSTRUCTIVISM IN THE CLASSROOM
- JOURNALING
- EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
- PERSONAL FOCUS
- COLLABORATIVE &
COOPERATIVE LEARNING
CRITIQUES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
- Less rigorous than traditional approaches to instruction.
- It does not fit well with:
̶ Traditional age grouping
̶ Rigid terms/semesters.
Teacher-Focused Model
Learning Theories: The Big 3
BEHAVIORISM
Brain is like a black box and
Learning occurs through
Stimuli; Reward, Reinforcement
BEHAVIORISM
Lecture, Drill and Practice,
Comprehension Checks
BEHAVIORISM
Student-Centered
COGNITIVISM and CONSTRUCTIVISM
Based around how the brain
of the learner gains and
processes information.
Considers the Learning
Styles
COGNITIVISM
Concept mapping,
computation, emphasis on
memorization, organization
COGNITIVISM
each individual learner
constructs his or her own
knowledge
Engagement, Participation,
Social
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Discovery learning,
collaborative group work,
peer grading,
apprenticeships
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Focuses on observational and sensorial experiences.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
Basis of movement against violence in media and video
games.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
Emphasis that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
The theory encompasses attention, memory, and
motivation
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
“What the children sees in the media, the children
does.”
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA):
- OBSERVATIONAL
- SENSORIAL
- IMITATION
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IN THE
CLASSROOM
- Collaborative learning and
group work. - Modeling Responses and
Expectations - Opportunities to observe
experts in action.
CRITIQUES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- Absence of the following mediating factors:
̶ Individuality
̶ Context
̶ Experience - Promotes passive receivers of sensory stimuli
- Disregard of emotions and motivations in learning.
