Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSTMT > UNIT 2 Understanding the Learners 2.3 Theories of Learning > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Understanding the Learners 2.3 Theories of Learning Flashcards

1
Q

CRITERIA OF LEARNING:

A
  • LEARNING INVOLVES CHANGE
  • LEARNING ENDURES OVER TIME
  • LEARNING OCCURS THROUGH
    EXPERIENCE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of learning theories?

A

For knowledge and understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Big 3 Theories:

A
  • Behaviorism
  • Cognitivism
  • Constructivism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.

A

BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Operates on a principle of
“stimulus-response”.

A

BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Confined to observable and measurable behavior.

A

BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

A
  • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
    (PAVLOV)
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
    (SKINNER)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Combination of stimuli to
produce a response

2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Consequences lead to changes
in voluntary behavior

2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is about reinforcement &
punishment

2 types of BEHAVIORISM / BEHAVIORIST LEARNING (SKINNER)

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING
(SKINNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 stages of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(PAVLOV)

A
  • Before Conditioning
  • During Conditioning
  • After Conditioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BEHAVIORISM IN THE CLASSROOM

A
  • Rewards and punishments
  • Lecture-based
  • Highly structured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CRITIQUES OF BEHAVIORISM

A
  • Free will and internal influences are neglected.
  • Advocates passive-student learning.
  • One size fits all.
  • Knowledge itself is given and absolute.
  • There is programmed instruction and teacher-proofing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Focuses on the processes involved in learning.

A

COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

argues that the black box of the mind should be opened and understood.

A

COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

learner is viewed as an information
processor (like a computer).

A

COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Studies focused on the mental
processes that facilitate symbol
connection.

A

COGNITIVISM (Piaget and Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A
  • DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)
  • MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discover learning is an inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned.

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As a result, students may be more more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples: Simulation-based learning, case-based learning, problem-based
learning.

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

DISCOVERY LEARNING (Bruner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Advance Organizers : Expository, Narrative, Skimming,
Graphic organizer

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When learners have difficulty with the new material,
̶ Go back to the concrete anchors

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Provide a discovery approach and they will learn.

Types of COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES

A

MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausubel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

COGNITIVISM IN THE CLASSROOM

A
  • Inquiry-oriented projects
  • Provides opportunities for
    the testing of hypotheses
  • Curiosity is encouraged
  • Stage-scaffolding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

CRITIQUES OF COGNITIVISM

A
  • Like Behaviorism, knowledge itself is given and absolute.
  • Input – Process – Output model
    ̶ Mechanistic and deterministic.
  • It does not account enough for individuality.
  • It has little emphasis on affective characteristics.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Knowledge is actively constructed.

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Was framed around metacognition.

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Learning is a search for meaning by
the learner. The responsibility of the
Learner

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Examples: REASONING and
PROBLEM-SOLVING skills

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM (Vygotsky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

CONSTRUCTIVISM IN THE CLASSROOM

A
  • JOURNALING
  • EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
  • PERSONAL FOCUS
  • COLLABORATIVE &
    COOPERATIVE LEARNING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CRITIQUES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

A
  • Less rigorous than traditional approaches to instruction.
  • It does not fit well with:
    ̶ Traditional age grouping
    ̶ Rigid terms/semesters.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Teacher-Focused Model

Learning Theories: The Big 3

A

BEHAVIORISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Brain is like a black box and
Learning occurs through
Stimuli; Reward, Reinforcement

A

BEHAVIORISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lecture, Drill and Practice,
Comprehension Checks

A

BEHAVIORISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Student-Centered

A

COGNITIVISM and CONSTRUCTIVISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Based around how the brain
of the learner gains and
processes information.
Considers the Learning
Styles

A

COGNITIVISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Concept mapping,
computation, emphasis on
memorization, organization

A

COGNITIVISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

each individual learner
constructs his or her own
knowledge
Engagement, Participation,
Social

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Discovery learning,
collaborative group work,
peer grading,
apprenticeships

A

CONSTRUCTIVISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Focuses on observational and sensorial experiences.

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Basis of movement against violence in media and video
games.

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Emphasis that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The theory encompasses attention, memory, and
motivation

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

“What the children sees in the media, the children
does.”

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA):

A
  • OBSERVATIONAL
  • SENSORIAL
  • IMITATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IN THE
CLASSROOM

A
  • Collaborative learning and
    group work.
  • Modeling Responses and
    Expectations
  • Opportunities to observe
    experts in action.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

CRITIQUES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

A
  • Absence of the following mediating factors:
    ̶ Individuality
    ̶ Context
    ̶ Experience
  • Promotes passive receivers of sensory stimuli
  • Disregard of emotions and motivations in learning.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES (GARDNER):

A
  • Visual-Spatial
  • Linguistic-Verbal
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Logical-Mathematical
  • Musical
  • Bodily-Kinesthetic
  • Nautralistic
52
Q

Delivery of instruction should
be via multiple media

A

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM

53
Q

Learner-centered classroom

A

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM

54
Q

Authentic assessment

A

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM

55
Q

Self-directed learning

A

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM

56
Q

CRITIQUES OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

A
  • Lack of quantifiable evidence that MI exist.
  • Multiple Intelligence has no discernible impact on learning.
  • Departure from core curricula and standards.
57
Q

Locus of control:
Teacher directs
what, how and when anything is learned

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

58
Q

Locus of control:
Self-directed

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

59
Q

Locus of control:
Self-determined

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

60
Q

Level of cognition:
Cognitive

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

61
Q

Level of cognition:
Meta-cognitive

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

62
Q

Level of cognition:
Epistemic

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

63
Q

Developmental emphasis:
Acquisition

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

64
Q

Role of teacher:
Enabler or facilitator

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

64
Q

Role of teacher:
Designs the learning process, imposes
material

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

64
Q

Developmental emphasis:
Capability

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

65
Q

Developmental emphasis:
Competency

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

66
Q

Focus of learning:
Subject centred, prescribed curriculum and planned sequences

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

66
Q

Role of teacher:
Develop the
learner’s capability

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

67
Q

Focus of learning:
Task or problem centred

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

68
Q

Reasons for learning:
Learn in order to advance to next stage

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

68
Q

Focus of learning:
Pro-active context shaping

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

69
Q

Reasons for learning:
Learn when they experience a need to know

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

70
Q

Reasons for learning:
Learning is non- linear and based on identification of the potential to learn in novel situations

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

70
Q

Learning process is unidirectional

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

71
Q

Learning process is bidirectional

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

72
Q

Learning is multidirectional

PEDAGOGY, ANDRAGOGY, HEUTAGOGY

73
Q

a “net-centric” theory where the internet can provide the resources for the self-directed experience.

A

HEUTAGOGY
(Blaschke, 2012)

74
Q

A learning theory of distance education and views it as further point on the learning continuum after pedagogy and andragogy.

A

HEUTAGOGY
(Blaschke, 2012)

75
Q

congruent with transformative education since heutagogy also requires learners to reflect on the learning process.

A

HEUTAGOGY
(Blaschke, 2012)

76
Q

Whereas pedagogy is objective-based and andragogy is competency- based, heutagogy is capability-based.

A

HEUTAGOGY
(Blaschke, 2012)

77
Q

Knowing how to learn is a crucial skill

A

Principles of Heutagogy
(McAuliffe, Hargreaves, Winter and Chadwick, 2008)

78
Q

Educators focus on learning process rather than content

A

Principles of Heutagogy
(McAuliffe, Hargreaves, Winter and Chadwick, 2008)

79
Q
  • Learning goes beyond specific discipline
A

Principles of Heutagogy
(McAuliffe, Hargreaves, Winter and Chadwick, 2008)

80
Q

Learning occurs through self-chosen and self-directive action

A

Principles of Heutagogy
(McAuliffe, Hargreaves, Winter and Chadwick, 2008)

81
Q

views the students as the driver of learning; where the learner connects with, and builds knowledge via the
connections made within a network.

A

Connectivism
(Downes, Siemens)

82
Q

Example: online courses when a community builds and creates
a whole new “classroom” for modules and courses.

A

Connectivism
(Downes, Siemens)

82
Q

The main function of teachers that embrace connectivism is to
introduce the learning environment and then let collaborative
effort develop naturally between students.

A

Connectivism
(Downes, Siemens)

83
Q

Lectures, rote learning, & memorization

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

84
Q

Meaning is…
Dictated

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

85
Q

Technology is…
Confiscated at the
classroom door (digital refugees)

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

86
Q

Teaching is done
Teacher to student

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

87
Q

Schools are located…
In a building (brick)

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

88
Q

Parents view
schools as… Daycare

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0 and Education 2.0

89
Q

Teachers are…Licensed professionals

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0 and Education 2.0

89
Q

Hardware and software in schools…Are purchased at great cost and ignored

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

90
Q

Industry views
graduates as…Assembly line workers

Types of Education

A

Education 1.0

91
Q

Internet-enabled learning

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

92
Q

Technology is…
Cautiously adopted (digital immigrants)

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

92
Q

Meaning is…
Socially constructed

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

93
Q

Schools are located…
In a building or online
(brick and click)

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

94
Q

Hardware and
software in schools…
Are open source and
available at lower cost

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

95
Q

Types of Education

Industry views
graduates as…
As ill-prepared assembly
line workers in a
knowledge economy

A

Education 2.0

95
Q

Knowledge-based learning

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

96
Q

Meaning is…
Socially constructed and contextually reinvented

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

97
Q

Technology is…
Everywhere (digital universe)

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

98
Q

Teaching is done
Teacher to student, student to student, student to teacher, people-technology- people (co-constructivism)

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

99
Q

Schools are located…
Everywhere (thoroughly infused into society: cafes, bowling alleys, bars, workplaces, etc.)

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

100
Q

Parents view schools as…
A place for them to learn, too

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

101
Q

Teachers are…
Everybody, everywhere

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

101
Q

Hardware and software in schools…
Are available at low cost and are used purposively

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

102
Q

Industry views
graduates as…
As co-workers or entrepreneurs

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0

102
Q

Teaching is done…
Teacher to student and student to student (progressivism)

Types of Education

A

Education 2.0

103
Q

A “connectivist, heutagogical approach” (p. 1). The model noted that schools are literally everywhere and resources are there for the
taking.

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0
(Gerstein, 2013)

104
Q

These can include open educational resources, MOOCs, and
multimedia in addition to traditional learning resources.

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0
(Gerstein, 2013)

104
Q

concept of “information discernment” which includes informational
and digital literacy and how learners can categorize and
appropriately use the information they have access to in order to
optimize their learning experiences.

Types of Education

A

Education 3.0
(Gerstein, 2013)

105
Q

Learning can be anytime, anywhere

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

106
Q

Learning is personalized to individual students

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

107
Q

Students have a choice in determining how they want to learn

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

108
Q

Students will be exposed to more project-based learning

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

109
Q

Types of Education

Students will be exposed to more hands-on learning through field experience including internships, mentoring projects, and collaborative projects.

A

Education 4.0.

109
Q

Students will be exposed to data interpretation in which they are required to apply their tech or ethical knowledge to numbers and use their reasoning skills to make inferences based on logic and trends from given sets of data

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

110
Q

Students will be assessed differently

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

111
Q

Students’ opinions will be considered in designing and updating the curriculum

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

112
Q

Students will become more independent in their own learning

Types of Education

A

Education 4.0.

PSTMT (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions