Unit 2: The Skeletal Sytem Part 1 Flashcards
Vocab: Anterior
Front
Vocab: Posterior
Back
Vocab: Proximal
Near + close to
Vocab: Distal
Further away from
Vocab: Inferior
Below
Vocab: superior
above
Vocab: superficial
shallow
Vocab: profundus
deep
Vocab: Axial
towards median of body
Vocab: Appendicular
away from median of body
Vocab: Medial
moves towards medial
Vocab: Lateral
moves away from midline
Vocab: Ossify
cartilaginous membranes of cranium in fetus harden (turn into bone)
Vocab: Foramen
hole
Vocab: Lordotic
inward curvature spine
Vocab: Kyphotic
outward curvature of spine
Vocab: Joints or Articulations
point of contact between two connected bones
Vocab: Intrinsic
inside
Frontal Plane
divides body into front and back sections
Saggital Plane
divides body into left and right sections
Transverse Plane
divides body into top and bottom sections
Longitudinal Axis
Extends from head to toe (Rotation- shawarma spin)
Horizontal Axis
extends from one side of body to another (bending forword and backward at hip)
Antero-posterior Axis
Extends from front to back (cartwheel)
What axis goes with Saggital Plane
Horizontal
What axis goes with Transverse Plane
Longitudinal
What axis goes with Frontal Plane
Anterior-Posterior
Flexion
bending joint to decrease angle between two bones
Extension
straightening joint to increase angle between two bones
Abduction
movement away from median (away from body)
Adduction
movement towards media (towards body)
Horizontal Adduction
shoulder moves posteriorly (move arms towards back)
Horizontal Abduction
shoulder moves anteriorly (bring arms/elbows together)
Internal Rotation
Limb moved its anterior surface medially (inwards). Movement of bone around its longitudinal axis
External Rotation
limb moves its anterior surface laterally (outwards)
Circumduction
Circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction- Never rotation
Pronation
Moving palm from facing anterior or upward position to posterior or downward position (squeezing knee)
Supination
Moving palm from facing posterior to anterior position (holding a bowl of soup)
Inversion
Turning sole of foot medially (inwards)
Eversion
Turning sole of foot laterally (outwards)
Dorsiflexion
Movement that decreases angle between foot and lower leg (moving toe up towards nose)
Plantar Flexion:
Movement that increases angle between foot and lower leg (pointing toe downwards, stand up on tippy toes)
Opposition
thumb comes in contact with finger
Reposition
thumb returns back to anatomical position
Elevation
moving shoulders towards ears
Depression
moving shoulders away from ears
What plane and axis is flexion/extension?
Saggital plane, horizontal axis
what plane and axis is rotation
Transverse plane, longitudinal axis
What plane and axis is Abduction and Adduction
Frontal plane, anterior posterior axis
What do markings on bones serve as
Attachment sites for tendons or ligaments
Passageways for nerves and blood vessels
Points of articulation with other bones
List the 5 functions of bones
structural support, protection, blood cell and platelet formation, reservoir of minerals, and movement
What are the 5 types of bones
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, flat bones
What is a long bone
A long bone is longer than they are wide, have a middle (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis)
What is a short bone
Usually cube-shaped. Length, width, and height are all the same. found in wrist and ankles
What is a flat bone
thin flattened bones that are usually curved. Protect vital organs: skull, ribs
What is an irregular bone
Odd looking bones that do not fit into other categories
What is a sesamoid bone
Unusual bones, in that they are flat, small bones that are wrapped within tendons and move over bony surfaces. Example: Patella
List the facial bones
zygomatic bones (2), maxilla bones (2), mandible bone (1)
list the cranial bones
parietal bones (2), temporal bones (2), occipital bone (1), frontal bone (1), sphenoid bones (2)
What does the skull rest on
Superior end of vertebral column
Where are the zygomatic bones located
Cheeks (below eyes)
Where are the maxilla bones located
upper lip area, around nose, upper jaw
Where is the mandible bone located
lower jaw
Where are the parietal bones located
Top of head, separated by the sagittal suture
Where are the temporal bones located
directly above ears
Where is the occipital bone located
lower back of head, towards neck
Where is the frontal bone located
Forehead
Where are the sphenoid bones located
above ear, closer to eye
How many verterbae does the adult human have
26
What are the three types of Vertebrae and their numbers
Cervical Vertebrae (C1 - C7), Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) and Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
What is the C1 Vertebrae called and how is it different from the rest
Atlas: No body, Superior surface of its transverse processes contain large depressions (superior articular facets) that receive occipital condyles of skull, which allow for the flexion and extension of neck (yes movement)
What is the C2 Vertebrae called and how is it different from the rest
Axis: Upright process called “dens” which acts as a pivot joint for atlas and skull. Allows for rotation of head (no movement)
Describe the structure of a Thoracic Vertebrae
Facets on side of bodies and transverse process for articulation with ribs, Bodies somewhat heart shaped
Describe the structure of a Lumbar vertebrae
Massive block-likes bodies, weight bearing and thick
Sturdiest vertebrae
Short hatchet shaped spinous processes
What is the thorax made up of
Sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
Function of ribs
to protect thoracic organs
Describe how the ribs attach to body
thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs posteriorly
sternum attaches to ribs anteriorly.
7 pairs are true ribs because they attach directly to sternum, next 5 pairs are false ribs because they either attach indirectly to sternum (attach to 7th rib) or are not attached to sternum at all, and 2 pairs of false ribs lack attachment so are called floating ribs
What are the 3 bones that fuse together to make sternum
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
What are the 5 roles of the skeletal system
- Structural support 2. protection 3. growth center for cells 4. reservoir of minerals 5. movement
What is the axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is comprised mainly of the vertebral column (the spine), much of the skull, and the rib cage.
What is the appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton includes the movable limbs and their supporting structures (girdles). They play a key role in allowing us to move.
What are the 6 major regions of the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs and legs, feet and ankles
