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Grade 12 Kinesiology > Unit 2: Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue

A

masses of cells that have similar function and form

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2
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

collection of cells that shorten during contraction which create tension that results in movement

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3
Q

How many muscles in the body

A

over 600

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4
Q

what are tendons

A

tough bands of connective tissue that join muscle to bone

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5
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

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6
Q

where can smooth muscles be found in the body

A

surrounding internal organs: digestive track, kidney, etc.

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7
Q

describe the contraction of smooth muscle

A

contracts more slowly than skeletal, but can remain contracted for longer periods of time

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8
Q

Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary? what is it controlled by?

A

Involuntary- controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

what do fibers of smooth muscle look like

A

theyre arranged in dense sheets, which makes them look smooth

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10
Q

where can cardiac muscle be found

A

only in the heart

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11
Q

what is cardiac muscle responsible for

A

pumping blood from the heart to the rest of the body and form the hearts thick wall. Physically and electrically connected, all the time:
Linked to have perfect timing

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12
Q

what do cardiac muscle fibers look like

A

striated. Squat, branched out, and interconnected with one or two nuclei

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13
Q

what are skeletal muscles

A

muscles that are attached to bones by tendon

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14
Q

what type of muscle fiber is the most prevalent in the entire human body

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

what is the irritability of a muscle

A

ability of a muscle to respond to stimulus

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16
Q

what is the contractability of a muscle

A

ability to shorten in length

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17
Q

what is elasticity of a muscle

A

ability to stretch and return to normal position

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18
Q

what is the extendability of a muscle

A

ability to extend in length

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19
Q

what is the conductivity of a muscle

A

ability to transmit nerve impulses

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20
Q

what is the neuromuscular system

A

the complex linkages between the muscular system and the nervous system

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21
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

actual meeting point between the nervous and muscular system

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22
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

actual meeting point between the nervous and muscular system

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23
Q

what are the 3 steps to the neuromuscular system?

A
  1. electrical impulse travels along nerve pathways tothe neuromuscular junction
  2. acetylcholine gets released
  3. acetylecholine is detected by receptors on surface of muscle fibers and causes the muscle to contract
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24
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a motor neuron + the motor neurons axon and terminal branches + all muscle fibers the neuron stimulates

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25
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

single nervous impulse and its resulting contraction (involuntary)

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26
Q

what is the all-or-nothing principal

A

when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it contracts fully. in order to produce less force, less motor units are used. in order to produce more force, more motor units are used. All the muscle fibers in use contract AT ONCE

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27
Q

What colour is smooth muscle and why?

A

Pale whitish/pink due to the low hemoglobin presence in the muscle

28
Q

what prevents fatigue in cardiac muscle

A

mitochondrias take up 30% of a muscle cell

29
Q

what are fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

30
Q

________ are grouped together to form the whole muscle

A

faciscles

31
Q

What is connective tissue

A

tissue that work in layers to hold together muscles

32
Q

what are the 5 functions of connective tissue

A
  1. protect the soft and fragile muscle fibres
  2. support the soft and fragile muscle fibers
  3. reinforce the muscle as a whole
  4. provide elasticty to muscle tissue
  5. serve as a passageway for blood vessels and nerve fibers to enter the muscle
33
Q

what is epimysium

A

layer of tissue that surrounds the entire muscle: school walls

34
Q

what is perimysium

A

layer of tissue that surround fascicles (classrooms)

35
Q

what is endomysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibres (clothing)

36
Q

what happens to connective tissue as it gets further out from a muscle

A

it gets coarser.

37
Q

How does the structure of connective tissue allow for movement of the body

A

connective tissue is made up of continuous sheaths that attach to tendons, which attach to bones. When muscles fibres contract, they pull on these sheaths, which then transmit the force to the bone to be moved

38
Q

Explain the physiology between Agonist and Antagonist muscle pairings

A

Skeletal muscles are typically arranged as opposing pairs. Since muscles pull on bones, another muscle (on the opposite side) is required to move the bone in the opposite direction. The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a body part is referred to as the agonist muscle. The muscle that counteracts the agonist, lengthening when the agonist muscle contracts, is called the antagonist muscle.

39
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory of muscles

A

mechanism by which muscle contraction is is through an overlapping of the actin and myosin filaments, relative to one another. This causes the sarcomere (and thus the whole muscle fibre) to contract (i.e., to shorten).

40
Q

Explain the role of calcium in muscle contractions

A

the “trigger mechanism” for the sliding filament process is the release of calcium ions when the nerve impulse is transmitted through the muscle fibre. The release of calcium (in the presence of the proteins troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates (or removes obstacles to) the interaction of myosin and actin molecules.

41
Q

Explain the role of ATP in muscle contractions

A

Muscle relaxation caused by the re-uptake of calcium ions requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-carrying molecule that results from food metabolism. ATP is also used to detach myosin from the actin molecule. As the work of the muscle increases, more and more ATP is used up and must be replaced through food metabolism for the process to continue.

42
Q

What are the two main types of reflex systems

A

Autonomic Reflex and Somatic reflex

43
Q

What are autonomic reflexes

A

Autonomic reflexes are mediated by the autonomic division of the nervous system and usually involve the activation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. These reflexes regulate such bodily functions as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salivation, and sweating.

44
Q

What are somatic reflexes

A

Somatic reflexes involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system, and include such reflexes as the stretch reflex and the withdrawal reflex

45
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the body

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

46
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons detect or sense information from the outside world, such as light, sound, touch, and heat.

47
Q

What is the role of motor neurons

A

Motor neurons send signals away from the CNS and elicit a response, for example, movement of a leg or an arm.

48
Q

What is the role of interneurons

A

Interneurons form interconnections between other neurons in the CNS.

49
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

Neurons transmit information to each other through a series of connections that form a circuit.

An example of a simple circuit is the reflex arc, which allows an organism to respond rapidly to inputs from sensory neurons and consists of only a few neurons. The stimulus from sensory neurons is sent to the CNS, but there is little or no interpretation of the signal. Few, if any, interneurons are involved. The signal is transmitted to motor neurons, which elicit a response, for example, a knee jerk.

50
Q

What are the 5 parts to a reflex arc

A

Recepter (recieves initial stimulus), Sensory (Afferent) nerve (carries impulse to spinal column or brain), Intermediate nerve fiber (interprets signal and issues an appropriate response), motor (Efferent) nerve (carries response messace to muscle/organ), and Effecter organ (carries out the response)

51
Q

What is the role of the recepter in the reflex arc

A

It receives the initial stimulus (say, a pinprick to the skin or a loud noise);

52
Q

What is the role of a sensory nerve in the reflex arc

A

carries the impulse from the recepter to the spinal column or brain

53
Q

What is the role of intermediate nerve fibers in the reflex arc

A

interprets the signal from the sensory nerve and issues an appropriate response

54
Q

What is the role of the motor nerve in the reflex arc

A

carries the response message from the intermediate nerve fivers in the spinal cord to the muscle or organ;

55
Q

What is the role of the effector organ in the reflex arc

A

a skeletal muscle that carries out the response (such as removing the hand or leg away from danger).

56
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

specialized receptors located within tendons, muscles, and joints. they provide sensory information about the state of muscle contraction, the position of body limbs, and body posture and balance.

57
Q

What is proprioception

A

a person’s ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body.

58
Q

What are muscle spindle fibers

A

They are the means by which muscles constantly and automatically adjust to the demands placed on them. Muscle spindles help to maintain muscle tension and are sensitive to changes in muscle length

59
Q

How do muscle spindle fibers work

A

The spindle detects changes in the muscle fibre length and responds to it by sending a message to the spinal cord, leading to the appropriate motor responses. The resulting contraction allows the muscle to maintain proper muscle tension or tone (e.g., an erect posture)

60
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

the process by which electrical excitatory stimuli cause a chemical response that contracts a muscle. Stimulation of the motor neuron causes an impulse to be release, which is carried by acetylcholine over the synaptic cleft. This initial set of action potentials starts a chain reaction, as one set of action potentials stimulates others to develop. A resulting wave of excitation spreads along the sarcolemma. The wave of action potentials enters the muscle fiber at the transverse (T) tubules.
As the action potentials travel down the T tubules, calcium channels Ca2+ ions diffuse into the surrounding sarcoplasm. The Ca2+ ions bind to troponin proteins embedded along the thin filaments and the contraction process begins.

61
Q

What are the two main types of muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic: muscle changes length as it contracts and moves a load
and Isometric: muscle has no change in length as it contracts.

62
Q

What are the two types of Isotonic contractions

A

Concentric and Eccentric

63
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction and what type is it. give an example

A

It is an isotonic muscle contraction. It is when the muscle shortens as it contracts. up part in curl up

64
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction and what type is it. give an example

A

It is an isotonic muscle contraction. It is when the muscle contracts when it lengthens. down part in curl up

65
Q

What is the function of isometric contractions. Give an example

A

Stabilizing muscles maintain posture and hold joints in stationary position while other movement occurs. Holding yourself in plank position

66
Q

what is the all-or-nothing principle

A

if a single nerve fibre is stimulated, it will always give a maximal response. Either all muscle fibers contract or none of them contract at all.

Grade 12 Kinesiology (9 decks)

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