Unit 2 Test Review Flashcards
CNS
-Nerves protected by bone
-not able to go through mitosis after a disease/injury
-highest on the hierarchy
-potential of stem cells or cancer cells (positive outlook)
**brain and spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System
-of the body
-voluntary control of movements
-afferent nerves (to the brain/sensory)
-efferent nerves (motor response)
-2 lane highway
autonomic nervous system
-regulates “automatic” functions
-homeostasis
-afferent and efferent
Two divisions of ANS? (The efferent nerves)
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
-flight or fight mechanism
-bodies response to stress
-homeostasis
-nerves from lumbar and thoracic regions
parasympathetic nervous system
-body activity at rest
-SLUDD–salvation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
-rest and digest
-nerves from brain and sacrum
Meninges
PAD:
-Pia mater (innermost)
-arachnoid
-Dura mater (outermost)
cerebrospinal fluid
-supports and cushions the brain/spinal chord
-produced by the choroid plexus
-network of blood vessels similar to blood make-up
blood brain barrier
-another vital line of defense against harmful materials to the brain
-impedes proteins and hormones
-chemicals
-pharmaceutical challenge
Neurons
-specialized cells that receive, conduct, and transmit electrochemical signals
-vital for nervous system function
soma/cell body
-metabolic base and holds DNA
dendrites
-treelike receiving zone for neurotransmitter
axon
-single projection off soma carrying electrical impulse
collateral axon
-loose wire and communicates with many other cell dendrites
recurrent collateral axon
-type of collateral
-communicates with the sending circuit
-closed circuit for same action
axon hillock
-cone shaped region at the soma and axon that houses the first electrical impulse
myelin
-fatty insulation around axon in white matter, protects the axon
node of ranvier
-gaps in the myelin for electrical signal, it lets ions enter and exit through these gaps.
node of ranvier
-gaps in the myelin for electrical signal, it lets ions enter and exit through these gaps.
terminal bouton (button)
-end of axon holding synaptic vesicle
synaptic vesicle
-storage bin/bladder for neurotransmitter
-signaled to release NT by electrical message in axon
synapse
-gap between adjacent neurons that are not touching
-20 nm
-site of transfer of neurotransmitter
-pre and post synaptic membranes
-end of axon/new cells dendrite
Planes of motion
frontal: abduction and adduction
sagittal: flexion and extension
transverse: rotation
anterior- front
posterior- back
medial- inside (midline)
lateral-outside- away from midline
dorsal: top/back
ventral: bottom/front
dorsal
relating to the back or posterior of a structure. Some of the dorsal surfaces of the body are the back, buttocks, calves, and the knuckle side of the hand.
ventral
pertaining to the front or anterior of any structure. The ventral surfaces of the body include the chest, abdomen, shins, palms, and soles
ventral= “venter” meaning belly.
cervical
-7 vertebrae
-C-1 atlas- for stability of the neck to spine
-C-2 axis- for motion side to side
-8 disc
-whiplash injury: contra coupe effect
-herniated disc injuries: common fusion site
thoracic
-12 vertebrae and disc
-minimal motion
-herniated disc
-locked facet joint
-spinal stenosis
lumbar spine
-5 vertebrae and disc
-forward flexion good-extension important
-herniated disc
-spinal stenosis
-spondylolisthesis
-common site for fusions
sacrum
-5 fused vertebrae
-no disc
-sacroiliac dysfunction
coccyx
-4 fused vertebrae
-no disc
-contusion
-dislocation
frontal
abduction and adduction
saggital
flexion and extension
transverse
rotation
anterior
front
posterior
back
medial
inside (midline)
lateral
(outside) away from midline
dorsal
top/back
ventral
bottom/front
