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Neuro Honors > Neurotransmitters and Drugs Quiz > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and Drugs Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

endogneous (self-made) chemicals when transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse

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2
Q

how many known neurotransmitters are there

A

60

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-produced by a neuron
-causes excitation/inhibition
-stored in the synaptic vesicle
-works only in the nervous system
-deactivates quickly

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4
Q

4 classes of NTs

A

-amino acids
-monoamine
-soluble gas
-acetylcholine

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5
Q

how many known peptides are there

A

at least 100

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6
Q

Amino Acids

A

-fast acting NTs and fastly produced
-simple building blocks from proteins

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7
Q

Glutamate and aspartamate

A

excitatory
Glutamate: sugar that is bonded with another AA
Aspartamate: a carbohydrate linked with AA

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8
Q

Glycine and GABA

A

inhibitory
Glycine and Butyric: fat bonded with AA
GABA= Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

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9
Q

Benzodiazepines (valium)

A

Increases/enhances the effect of GABA
prescribed for anxiety disorders

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10
Q

Alcohol

A

Suppressant/depressant
-suppressing the activities of excitatory nerve pathways
-increases the activities of inhibitory nerve pathways
-enhances the effects of GABA

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11
Q

progression on the brain during alcohol intake

A

Cerebral Cortex
Limbic system
cerebellum
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
medulla

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12
Q

Monoamine NTs

A

1/1000 (MA/AA)
Synthesized from a single AA and is chemically more complex than AA
3 catecholamines

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13
Q

catecholamines

A

tyrosine (AA) converts to NT
3 catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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14
Q

dopamine

A

-feel good NT, a reward chemical
-produced in the substantia nigra
-released by hypothalamus
-does not cross the BBB and the drug does not affect the CNS

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15
Q

Epinephrine

A

when you do not feel any pain
-produced by Adrenal Gland
-used in cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis and bleeding
-fight/flight mech (sympathetic nervous system)
-response to anxiety, exercise, or fear

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16
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-From SNS and increases the rate of heart contractions
-released from the adrenal medulla to the blood as a hormone
rest and digest (parasympathetic)

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17
Q

Serotonin (monoamine)

A

mood, emotion, sustained sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, memory social behavior
-90% is found in the digestive tract (a lot in the gut)
-manufactured in pineal body
-made from tryptophan

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18
Q

Soluble Gas NTs

A

-lasts for a few seconds
-secondary message
-Nitric Oxide (in the air and is the breakdown of organic stuff)
-smooth muscle relaxation
-vasodilation (viagra)
-avoidance learning (LT potential)
-air pollution
*DON’T CONFUSE WITH N2O, NITROUS OXIDE, AN ANESTHETIC AND GREENHOUSE GAS

19
Q

Botox

A

-botulinum toxin type A
-Botulism life-threatening food poisoning
-Blocks release of Ach leading to (3 month) paralysis of muscles

20
Q

Atropine

A

Belladonna (beautiful lady)
-dizzar delirium and hallucinations
-blocks off Ach receptors
-medically used in bradycardia (low HR)

21
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

-cements memories in the hippocampus
-memories are erased without CM
-large concentrations=deadly

22
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-Only NT used in motor division of the somatic NS
-gross motor movements
-found in the CNS and PNS
-used within the muscles

23
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

-decrease of Ach
-formation of Plagues and Tangles
-60 y/o early onset, however, this data is outdated and it is being found in 30-40 y/os
-Different theories:
-being female
-having high blood pressure for a long time
-history of head trauma
-lack of serotonin

24
Q

Curare

A

plant poison
Blocks the acceptance of Ach
-temporary loss in motor function
-respiratory muscles

25
Q

Neuropeptides (NP)

A

-100 known peptides
-acts as specific signals between one population of neurons and another
-possible linked between neuropeptides and the development of Type 1 diabetes
-oxytocin and vasopressin specific effects on social behaviors, including maternal behaviors and relationships

26
Q

Endorphins (opioids)

A

-self made morphine
-produced by the pituitary gland / hypothalamus during exercise, child delivery, spicy foods, and emotions of love
-fight or flight
-“runners high”

27
Q

Fentanyl

A

-powerful and synthetic opioid (similar to morphine)
-50-100x more potent
-it is a prescription drug that is also made and used illegally
-like morphine, it is a medicine that is typically used to treat patients with severe pain

28
Q

How is fentanyl used

A

-prescribed as a shot, a patch is put on a person’s skin, or as lozenges (cough drops)

ILLEGAL: 2 grams considered lethal

29
Q

How does fentanyl work

A

-binds to body’s opioid receptors
-found in areas of the brain that control pain and emotions
-after taking a lot, the body adapts to the drug, diminishing its sensitivity
-makes it hard to feel pleasure from anything but drugs

30
Q

Effects of fentanyl

A

-extreme happiness
-drowsiness
-nausea
-confusion
-constipation
-sedation
-problems breathing
-unconsciousness

31
Q

Marijuana

A

-Anandamide (NT) lipid
-reduces blood pressure, increases relaxation, reducing coordination, increasing sleepiness, lowering attention span and creating a sense of altered mind and space
-neurogenesis in the hippocampus

32
Q

What is in marijuana

A

TCH- delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
CBD- cannabidiol
-can be pain relieving unlike TCH
-marijuana reaches the brain quickly and effects lasts for a couple of hours
-cocaine and amphetamine act directly on dopamine
-Marijuana works with GABA and Dopamine

33
Q

bad effects of marijuana

A

-causes IQ loss, up to 8 pts (in young kids)
-depression, anxiety, depressive episodes
-driving
-decrease in athlete
-development, breast milk
-relationships affected
-educational oucomes
-low career achievements (low motivation)
-reduced life satisfaction

34
Q

Statistics for marijuana

A

1 in 6 people who start using the drug before 18 become addicted
-Adults: 1 in 10

35
Q

There are approximately ______ known NTs

A

60

36
Q

There are ____ known peptides which affect the brain similar to NTs

A

100

37
Q

which NT is responsible for activation of the parasympathetic NS function (SLUDD)

A

norepinephrine

38
Q

Which NT increases O2 gas to increase energy production and is the activation NT for the fight or flight response?

A

epinephrine

39
Q

What is an excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

40
Q

What is the ratio of Amino Acids to Monoamine transmissions in the human brain?

A

1000:1

41
Q

Which class of Neurotransmitters are the most widely used but are viewed as non specific. This class would excite or inhibit.

A

amino acid

42
Q

Which NT appears to initiate sleep?

A

norepinephrine

43
Q

Which drug increases the effect of GABA in your brain?

A

alcohol

44
Q

Which NT is a reaction to stress, fear, exercise, and in its synthetic form is used to fight anaphylaxis?

A

epinephrine

Neuro Honors (14 decks)

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