The Eye (2/16/23)

Question 1

how much percent does the eye account for environmental perception?

Answer 1

70%

Question 2

Complexity?

Answer 2

most complex organs (beside the brain) and requires the most learning bc of its complex neuro circuitry

Question 3

How much of your eyes are composed of working parts?

Answer 3

over 2 million

Question 4

blinks?

Answer 4

12 times per minute
averaging 10,000 blinks a day

Question 5

processing information?

Answer 5

the eye processes 36,000 bits of information every hour

Question 6

How much is the eye exposed to the world?

Answer 6

1/6th of it

Question 7

strongest muscles?

Answer 7

the external muscle that moves in the eye is the strongest muscle in the human body
they are 100x more powerful than they need to be

Question 8

colorblindness between male to female?

Answer 8

men are 10x more likely to get colorblindness rather than women

Question 9

average lifespan of an eyelash

Answer 9

5 months

Question 10

reading from computer vs paper

Answer 10

we read 25% slower from a computer than a paper

Question 11

nose to tears

Answer 11

noses get runny when crying because the tears from your eyes drain into the nose

Question 12

eye and focus

Answer 12

your eye will focus on about 50 things per second

Question 13

eyes and retina

Answer 13

your retina contains 120 million rods and 8 milion cones

Question 14

eye and knowledge

Answer 14

your eye contributed to about 85% of your total knowledge

Question 15

eyelid

Answer 15

-comparison of epithelial tissue
-protect the outermost layer of the eye

Question 16

conjunctiva

Answer 16

-lines the posterior eyelid
-lines the anterior surface of the eyeball
-conjunctivitis (pink eye) bacterial infection

Question 17

lacrimal gland

Answer 17

-superior lateral (above the eye) to each eye
-secretes diluted saline solution
-lubrication

Question 18

eyeball

Answer 18

-hollow sphere
-filled with aqueous and vitreous humors which maintains shape
-aqueous- magnification
-vitreous-shape and structure

Question 19

sclera

Answer 19

-thick white connective tissue
-low concentration of neurons=less sensitive to touch

Question 20

cornea

Answer 20

-transparent window to eye
-light passes through to activate the nervous system
-defensive line loaded with neurons=very sensitive

Question 21

iris

Answer 21

-pigmented part of the eye
-acts as a diaphragm to control light entering the middle and posterior eye

Question 22

pupil

Answer 22

-nothing more than a space or opening into the eyeball
-appears as black- passage into retina

Question 23

lens

Answer 23

-transparent structure in the eye
-along with the cornea helps to refract light to be focused on the retina
-can change shape to modify focus to see various distances

Question 24

retina

Answer 24

-area which holds the photoreceptors
-rods- functions in less intense light (night vision) peripheral vision
-cones responsible for color vision
-blue: short
-green: medium
-red: long

Question 25

optic nerve

Answer 25

-retina to brain stem
-blind spot

Question 26

Cataracts

Answer 26

-Clouding that develops in the lens or in its envelope
-starts as simple decreased clarity and may progress to blindness w/o tx

Question 27

glaucoma

Answer 27

-when optic nerve or retina is damaged due to increased pressure to the posterior eye (aqueous humor)
-can permanently damage vision in the affected eye and lead to blindness if left untreated

Question 28

Astigmatism

Answer 28

-vision condition that causes blurred vision
-irregular shape of the cornea or abnormal curvature of the lens
-very common

Question 29

the adjustment of pupil size in response to changes in illumination represents a compromise between what and what?

Answer 29

sensitivity-the ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects
acuity- the ability to see the details of objects

Question 30

ciliary muscles

Answer 30

muscle below the ligaments that hold and adjust the lens into place

Question 31

blind spot

Answer 31

when a bundle of retinal ganglion cell axons leave the eye and leave a gap in the receptor layer

Question 32

5 different types of neurons the retina is composed of

Answer 32

receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells

Question 33

fovea

Answer 33

an indentation (abt 0.33 cm in diameter) at the center of the retina. It is the area of the retina that is specialized for high-acuity vision (for seeing fine details)

Question 34

surface interpolation

Answer 34

the process by which we perceive surfaces; the visual system extracts information about edges and from it infers the appearance of large surfaces.

Question 35

cones

Answer 35

coned-shape receptors that help people see color

Question 36

rods

Answer 36

rod shaped receptor that helps people see at night

Question 37

Colorblindess

Answer 37

-inability or decreased ability to see color or perceive color differently
-development of cones
-travels on X chromosomes
-higher probability in males vs. females