Unit 2 Test - Immigration and Population Flashcards
Net migration rate
Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrant in a place in a year
Migration flow
Number of immigrants entering or leaving a place during a period of time
What historically motivates internal migration?
Claiming land and budling settlements
What, during the modern day, motivate internal migration?
Seeking enter wages and economic opportunities
What are the three main paths of internal migration flows?
- Rural to Urban
- Urban to Suburban
- East to West
What motivates transnational migration
- Escaping violence or persecution
- Employment
- Improvement for quality of life
Migration flows:
Asia–>
Latin America–>
Poor Asian Countries–>
- Europe
- America
- Rich Asian Countries
What was the main purpose of migration int he 17th century?
Colonial settlement
What was the main purpose of migration during the late 19th to 20th century?
Mass European migration
What was the main purpose of migration during the late 20th to 21st century?
Asian and Latin American Immigration
What is an unauthorized immigrant?
A person entering a country without proper permission or documentation
What are the seven main sources for unauthorized immigration in Canada and the US?
- El Salvador
- India
- Guatemala
- China
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
Where do the majority of unauthorized immigrants settle in Canada?
- Quebec
- Montreal
- Toronto
- East Coast
- Ontario
Why is Europe an attractive destination?
Relative peace, work opportunities, freedom of movement for work and leisure in the EU
What helps to propel the migration flow from Asia to Europe?
- War
- Violence
- Poverty
- Persecution
What are the main source countries of the migrant crisis in Europe?
- Syria
- Afghanistan
- Turkey
- Venezuela
What is selective immigration?
Process to control immigration that bars individuals of certain backgrounds and gives preference to those with favorable traits
What criteria is considered with selective immigration?
- Skilled work/specific professions
- Countries of origin
- Family reunification
What is an immigration quota?
Laws that limit number of immigrants who can be admitted into a country every year
How do immigration quotas affect a society?
- Xenophobia
- Cultural perspectives
- Economic protections
What is demography
The study of human populations
What are demographics
Statistical data relating to the population and groups within it
Why would governments or geographers want to study demographics
- Make plans for the future
- Find out how to help populations
- Make plans for the future
- Use resources appropriately
- Understand current social and economic issues
Where in the world can you find sex ratio imbalances?
- China
- Vietnam
- India
- Papua New Guinea
- Pakistan
Where in the world can you find the oldest populations?
- China
- Japan
- Majority of countries in Europe
Where in the world can you find the fastest growing populations?
Central Africa
What is a Population Pyramid
Age-sex composition graph that provides information on birth and death rates, and life expectancy
What else can a Population Pyramid tell us?
- Economic development
- Migration
- Natural disasters
- Wars
- Epidemics
What is a birth deficit?
Slowdown of births that occur during conflict, economic downturn, or cultural shifts
What is a Baby Boom?
A spike in birth rates that usually occur during or after times of war
What is a Baby Bust?
End of a baby boom that lasts util boomers reach childbearing age
What is an Echo?
A spike in birthrates after boomers reach childbearing age
What is the Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births per year for every 1,000 people
What is the Crude Death Rate
Number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people
What is the Natural Increase Rate
Difference between the CBR and CDR
What does the Natural Increase Rate estimate?
Population growth of a country, minus any change from migration
How do you calculate the NIR?
CBR-CDR
What is Doubling Time?
Measure of how it will take for a country to double it’s population
What is Doubling Time based on?
NIR
How do you calculate doubling time?
70/divided by NIR
What is the total fertility rate?
Average number of children born per woman (Age 15-49)
What is the Total Fertility Rate needed to maintain a population and keep it steady/stable?
A fertility rate f 2:1 is needed to keep a population stable
What is the Infant Mortality Rate?
Number of babies who die before their first birthday
What are some reasons for a high Infant Mortality Rate?
- Lack of healthcare
- Inadequate housing
- Poverty and/unemployment
- Lack of food security
- Lack of maternal education
What is the Life Expectancy?
Number of years a person is expected to live in a given country
What is an Epidemiological Transition model?
Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop
What stage is this?: “Parasitic and infectious diseases, accidents, animal attacks, or human conflict that cause the most deaths”
Stage 1
What stage is this?: “Number of pandemics declines as a result of increased sanitation, nutrition, and medicine”
Stage 2
What stage is this?: “Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging increase as people live longer”
Stage 3
What stage is this?: “Extension of stage 3, but age-related diseases are put off as medical procedures delay the onset of these diseases. Age related diseases increase”
Stage 4
What stage is this?: Infectious and parasitic diseases increase as as some bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines”
Stage 5
What is the Malthusian Theory?
Society is on the path to mass starvation as a result of food production not being able to keep up with the growing population, so people should top having so many kids
What are Neo-Mathusians?
People who have adopted Malthus’ idea to modern conditions and believe overpopulation is a threat to society and must be controlled
What are the four main criticisms of the Malthusian theory?
- Supply of resources are is not fixed
- Population growth can contribute to societal advancement and possibilities
What is the Dependency Ratio?
Percentage of people working within a population who are to young/old to work and depend on of age workers for support
What is demography?
The study of human populations
What is population density
The number of people per unit of area
What is population distribution?
The pattern of where people live
What is a migrant
A person who moves permanently or semi-permanently from one place to another
Immigrate
To come live permanently in a foreign country
Emigrate
Leaving a country with the intent to settle elsewhere
Internal migration
Permanent or semi-permanent movement within a country
Transnational migration
Permanent of semi-permanent movement between countries
Forced migration
People who do not chose to leave but do so due to threats/violence
Slavery
Where one person is owned or controlled by another person
Refugee
Someone who is forced to move due to armed conflict, violence, or other disasters
Asylum seeker
Someone who enters a country without the proper documentation in hopes of being recognized as a refugee
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
Someone who is forced to migrate for the same reasons as a refugee but does not move countries
Voluntary migration
Migration by choice for better opportunities
Chain migration
Individuals who follow the same migration path to join friends or family in an existing community
Step migration
People reaching their eventual destination through small steps
Guestworker
Person with permission to immigrate and work in a country
Transhumance migration
Seasonal migration done by herders bae on availability of food for animals
Push factor
Negative circumstances or evets that make people want to leave
What are examples of push factors?
- Lack or work/education opportunities
- Economic issues
- Poor quality of life
- Lack of rights
- Disasters or violence
Intervening obstacles
Barriers that make it difficult for migrants to reach their destination
5 examples of intervening obstacles
- Lack of funds for the journey
- Disapproval from family or friends
- Inability to attain passport
- Physical barriers
- Tied down by dependence
Pull factor
Positive conditions and circumstances that attract people to a country
Examples of pull factors
- Work/education opportunities
- Higher wages
- Economic stability
- Friends and family
- Better natural resources
- Clean water and air
- Gov. stability
- No corruption
Intervening opportunities
Something that causes a migrant to chose a destination other than the one they originally intended
Four examples of intervening opportunities
- Finding new jobs along migration route
- Encountering ethnic enclave
- Forming relationships
- Finding free/affordable housing
