Human Geography Unit Test - 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What has caused increased demand for agriculture that places added stress on the environment?
A
- Global competition
- Local demand
- Population
2
Q
Double cropping
A
Panting and harvesting on the same place of land twice a year
3
Q
What is the impact of double cropping
A
- Reduces soil quality
- Prevents need for additional land for agriculture
4
Q
Intercropping
A
Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field
5
Q
What is the impact of intercropping
A
- Replenishes soil and reduces runoff
- Leads to higher yields
- Requires more irrigation and fertilizer
6
Q
Terrace farming
A
When human farm off of hillsides built like stairs
7
Q
Impacts of terrace farming
A
- Better access to crops
- Irrigation from mountain runoff
- Variety in foods grown
- Reduces soil erosion
- Can lead to mudslides
- Can disrupt normal water runoff patterns
8
Q
Monoculture
A
Specialising in one crop
9
Q
Impacts of monoculture
A
- Loss of biodiversity
- Makes ecosystems more vulnerable to diseases
- Loss of efficient absorption and breakdown of pollution
10
Q
Draining wetlands
A
The draining of wetlands for agricultural and development purposes
11
Q
Impacts of draining wetlands
A
- Loss of natural water, cleaning, and pollution absorption systems
- Loss of biodiversity and species
- Increased vulnerability of flooding
12
Q
Irrigation
A
Diverting water from its original runoff rout to help grow crops
13
Q
Impacts of irrigation
A
- creates arable land in dry places
- Improved crop yields
- Contributes to groundwater sources
- Disrupts natural runoff route
- Salinizes the soil
- Depletion of groundwater sources in some cases
14
Q
Soil salinization
A
Evaporation of water that leaves salt residue behind
15
Q
Impacts of salinization
A
- Prevents crops from absorbing nutrients
- Causes land to become infertile
16
Q
Overgrazing
A
Excessive grazing in an area to the point where the soil becomes permanently damaged
17
Q
Impacts of overgrazing
A
- Reduces biodiversity and productivity of land
- Cases vegetation to lose the ability to regenerate itself
- Lack of vegetation leads to severe soil erosion
18
Q
Soil desertification
A
Transition of fertile land to desert
19
Q
Impact of desertification
A
- Reduces biodiversity
- Depletes crop and pant life because it cannot support it
20
Q
Slash and burn agriculture
A
All vegetation in an area being being cut down and burned
21
Q
Impacts of slash and burn agriculture
A
- Ash can give soil nutrients
- Can contribute to climate change in the long term
- Can cause and reduce forest fires depending on how it is carried out
22
Q
Pesticides
A
Chemicals that are sprayed on crops to ward off or kill any insects or animals
23
Q
What are the impacts of pesticides
A
- Plants become resistant to bugs
- Higher yields
- Reduces need for intensive farming
- Pollutes groundwater and surrounding vegetation
- Reduces biodiversity
24
Q
Fertilizers
A
Any substance added to soil to increase productivity
25
Impacts of fertilizers
- Excess can contaminate water sources
- Provides plants with a natural and beneficial source of nutrients
26
Feedlots
Place where livestock are fed and fattened up
27
Impacts of feedlots
- Poor conditions for animals
- Produces a lot of greenhouse gasses and liquid waste
28
Agriculture
How humans alter the landscape to raise crops and livestock for consumption an trade
29
When was the first agricultural revolution
10,000-12,000 years ago
30
Domesticationn
Raising plants and animals for human use
31
Subsistence farming
Consuming crops you grow and raise
32
Where does agriculture develop
Places with fertile soil, abundance of water, and percipitaion and moderate climates
33
What did the first spread of agriculture lead to
Increased trade between cultures
34
Columbian exchange
Global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americans after the voyage of Christopher Columbus
35
Second agricultural revolution
In the 1700s, it was the advances of the industrial revolution that was used to increase production of food and how people worked, behaved, and where they lived
36
What did the second agricultural revolution lead to
- Mechanized production
- Advanced transportation
- Developed large scale irrigation
- Changed consumption patterns
- Shifted subsistence farming to commercial farming
37
Subsistence farming
Farmers focus on raising food they need to live
38
Commercial farming
Farming that raises one specific crop for profit
39
What was the hearth for the second ar?
Britain (contagious diffusion)
40
What were the effects of the second ag
- Fewer, larger, more productive farms
- More people available for factory work
- Growth in urban centers
- Better diets and longer life expectancies
41
Green revolution
Agricultural revolution that developed more efficient farming equipment and practices that increased production around the world
42
What caused the Green Revolution
Massive population growth in the 20th century necessitated increase production
43
What were some traits of the Green revolution
- Use of biotechnology
- Development of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing varieties
- Increased use of fertilizers and pesticides
- Implementation of high scale irrigation
- Double cropping
44
Seed hybridization
Breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics
45
GMOs
Use of engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed
46
Where was the hearth of the Green Revolution
Mexico
47
Polar climate
Cold, arid, and semi arid climates
48
Cold mid latitude climate
Mild summers and colder winters, moderate rainfall
49
Warm mid latitude climate
Warm and humid summers and mild winters
50
Tropical climates
Hot and humid with substantial percipitation
51
Intensive farming
Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor
52
Extensive farming
Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital an paid labor
53
Shifting cultivation (3)
- Moving planting from one place t another and burning the vegetation
- Land tended to a few times a year
- Replaced by ranching and logging
54
Is SC subsistence or commercial
Subsistence
55
Intensive or extensive (SC)
Extensive
56
Where is SC practiced?
Latin America, sub Saharan Africa, southeast Asia
57
What does SC produce
Rice, corn, millet, sorguhm
58
Pastoral nodadism
Movement of heard to different pastures within a territory
59
Is PN subsistence or commercial
Subsistence
60
Is P Intensive or extensive
Extensive
61
What climate i PN in
Drylands
62
Plantation farming
Large commercial farming specializing in one luxury crop in developed countries
63
Is PF subsistence or commercial
commercial
64
Is PF intensive or extensive
Intensive
65
Where climate is PF practiced in
Tropical areas
66
Livestock farming
Crops are grown to feed livestock on the same farm
67
Is LF subsistence or commercial
Commercial
68
Is LF intensive or extensive
Intensive
69
Where is LF practiced
Cold/mid latitude areas
70
What products does LF produce
Corn, soybeans, grain - feed animals
71
Grain farming
Growing of grains, primarily wheat
72
Is GF subsistence or commercial
Commercial
73
Is GF intensive or extensive
Extensive
74
Where is GF done
Cold/mid latitude areas
75
Market gardening
Growing fruits and vegetables primarily for the purpose of freezing and canning
76
Is MG subsistence or commercial
Commercial
77
Is MG intensive or extensive
Intensive
78
Where is MG done
In warm/mid latitude places
79
What does MG produce
Fruits and vegetables
80
Dairy farming
Raising cattle for the purpose of harvesting milk
81
Is DF subsistence or commercial
Commercial
82
Is DF intensive or extensive
Intensive
83
Where is DF done
Warm and cold mid latitude places in the northeastern US, southeast Canada, southwest Europe, Russia, china, India, Brazil
84
What does DF produce
Milk
85
Mediterranean agriculture
Agriculture practiced in regions with hot dry climates, aways on the shore of a sea/ocean
86
Is MA subsistence or commercial
Commercial
87
Is MA intensive or extensive
Intensive
88
Where is MA done?
Warm mid latitude places
89
What does MA produce
Figs, olives, and grapes
90
Livestock ranching
Commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
91
Is LR subsistence or commercial
Commercial
92
Is LR intensive or extensive
Extensive
93
Where is LR practiced
Drylands
94
What does LR produce
Cows, sheep, goats, bison, alpacas, emus, etc.
95
Agribusiness
Integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry
96
Commodity chain
Process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to customers
97
Examples of a commodity chain
- Planting
- Growing
- Harvesting
- Processing
- Selling
- Transportation
98
Economy of scale
Cost advantage experienced by a company when it increases output
99
How is agriculture affected politically?
- Global supply chain
- Distribution systems
- Political systems that influence different types of agriculture patterns and practices
-
100
How is agriculture affected in communist states
- Farmers sometimes being controlled
- Collective farming or state run farms
101
How is agriculture affected by capitalist states
- Competition and profit drives what is produced
- Tend to import more agricultural products
102
103
Community supported Agriculture
Community members can sign up to recive a share of the farm or crops
104
Fair trade
Trade between companies in developed countries and producers in development countries that try to ensure farmers are paid a fair wage
105
Value added specialty crops
Crops that have some other prodcut added to them so they can sell at higher prices
106
Luxury crops
Crops grown for profit than for food
107
Food security
Access to food at all times to maintain a healthy lifestyle
108
Food desert
An area with no to very little access to fresh or affordable food
109
Urban agriculture
Growing food in urban locations
