Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Edwin Drake (Black Gold)
He used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth’s surface became practical.
Bessemer Process
Involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
Steel
It was used to make railroads, bridges, and skyscraper.
Thomas Edison
He perfected the incandescent light bulb and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.
Christopher Sholes
He invented the typewriter in 1867.
Alexander Bell
He invented the telephone in 1876.
Andrew Carnegie
He was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. He had a passion for supporting charities.
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
- Vertical: buy out suppliers in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems,
- Horizontal: buy out competing steel producers
Social Darwinism
“Natural Selection” weeded out less-suited individuals and enabled the best-adapted to survive.
John Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil Company, which was the number one steel producer in the country. He used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in the US.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other companies.
Samuel Gompers
Led the Cigar Markers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
It focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.
Eugene Debs
Attempted to form an industrial union, ARU, that included all laborers in a specific industry.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers. It welcomed blacks, but membership never topped 100,000. Gave dignity and a sense of solidarity to unskilled workers.
Ellis Island
An immigration station that was mainly used by Europeans to enter the country.
Melting pot
A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.
Nativism
Overt favoritism towards native-born Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act
It banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
Urbanization
Growth of cities
Americanization movement
Designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
Tenement
Multifamily urban dwellings
Mass transit
Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes.
Social Gospel movement
Preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses
Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants.
Jane Addams
One of the most influential people of the Social Gospel movement.
Political machine
Groups who offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Graft
Illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Boss Tweed
Head of Tammany Hall, led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians.
Civil Service
Government Administration
Rutherford Hayes
Elected in 1876, supported reform, named independents to his cabinets, set up a commission to investigate the nation’s customhouses.
Progressive Movement
Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life.
1) social welfare
2) moral
3) economic
4) efficiency
Prohibition/18th Amendment
The banning of alcohol beverages
Muckraker
Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public like in mass circulation during the early 20th century.
Recall
Enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election by the end of their term if enough voters asked for it.
17th Amendment
Made direct election of senators the law of the land
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
Their mission was “the moral education of the race with which we are identified,” managed nurseries, reading homes, and kindergartens.
Suffrage
The right to vote
Susan Anthony
Leading proponent of women suffrage; said “I would sooner cut off my right hand then ask the ballot for the black man and not for women”
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Fought for women suffrage
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker journalist whose focus was the human condition in the stockyards of Chicago.
“The Jungle”
Sinclair’s book that depicted the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry.
Theodore Roosevelt
He was nauseated by Sinclair’s account. The president invited the author to visit him at the White House, where he promised to fix these wrongs.
Square Deal
The various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration
Meat Inspection Act
Strict cleanliness requirements for meatpacking and created the program of federal meat inspection.
Pure Food and Drug Act
It halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
Conservation
Wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Aimed for full equality among the races
William Taft
Roosevelt’s secretary of war, elected President, progressive agenda
Woodrow Wilson
Democrat running against Taft and Roosevelt; endorsed progressive plan called the New Freedom which demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
It was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statues, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices.
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote.
16th Amendment
Legalized a federal income tax
The Great Strike of 1877
Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to protest their second mage cut in two months. The work stoppage spread to other lines.
Mary Jones
Supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized the Untied Mine Workers of American (UMW). Led 80 million children on a march to the home of Theodore Roosevelt.
Monopoly
To have complete control over its industry’s production
Holding company
A corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of other companies.
Trust
Combining a bunch of businesses into one big organization.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination.
Chester Arthur
Took over for Garfield, passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act
Initiative
Bill originated by the people, not lawmakers
Referendum
Vote on the initiative
Arbitration Commission Compromise (1902)
Miners won 10%, 9 hour day –> couldn’t strike for 3 years.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Prohibited wealthy railroad owners from colluding to fix high prices by dividing the business in a given area.
Elkins Act (1903)
Made it illegal for railroad officers to give rebates for using particular railroads.
