Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Enlightenment
The movement where philosophers valued reason and scientific method.
Benjamin Franklin
He embraced the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reason.
Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals that aimed at restoring the intensity and dedication of the early Puritan church swept through the colonies.
French and Indian War
French and British territories collided and war broke out.
Proclamation of 1763
It established a Proclamation Line along the Appalachians, which colonist weren’t allowed to cross.
King George III
King of England who, in order to lower the debt, chose financial expert, George Grenville to serve as prime minister.
Sugar Act (Did 3 things)
- It halved the duty on foreign made molasses in the hopes that colonist would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest by smuggling
- Placed duties on certain imports that had not been taxed before
- It provided that colonists accused of violation of the act would be tried in a vice-admiralty court rather than a colonial court
Stamp Act
It imposed a tax on documents and printed items
Samuel Adams
One of the founders of the Sons of Liberty, led colonists to boycott British goods
Boston Massacre
A mod gathered in front of the Boston Customs House and taunted the British soldiers. Shots were fired and 5 colonists were killed or mortally wounded.
Boston Tea Party
A large group of Boston rebels dumped 18,000 lbs of East India Company’s tea into Boston Harbor
Intolerable Acts (1774)
- Shut down Boston Harbor
- Authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes
- General Thomas was appointed governor of Massachusetts
Middle Passage
The voyage that brought Africans to the New World
John Locke
Enlightenment thinker; people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and every society is based on a social contract
“Common Sense”
Written by Thomas Paine; argued that responsibility for British tyranny lay with “the royal brute of Britain”
Thomas Jefferson
He asserted that a government’s legitimate power can only come from the consent of the governed, and that when a government denies their unalienable rights, the people have the right to “alter or abolish” that government
Declaration of Independence
The document that declares the United States as its own country
Loyalists
Colonists who were loyal to Britain
Patriots
Colonists who wanted to be free from Britain’s rule
Secession
The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union
Popular Sovereignty
The right to vote for or against slavery
The Underground Railroad
The secret passageway that helped slaves escape their owners and flee to the North.
Dred Scott
A slave whose owner took him from a slave state, into a free state, and then back again. He appealed to the Supreme Court for his freedom, and the court flatly rejected it.
Abraham Lincoln
Republican congressman challenger to Stephen Douglas; he believed that slavery was immoral
Confederacy
The group of southern states that seceded from the Union.
Jefferson Davis
The president of the Confederacy
Fort Sumter
The most important Southern fort that belonged to the Union
Ulysses Grant
The general of the Union army
Robert Lee
The general of the Confederate army
The Emancipation Proclamation
Spoken by Lincoln, it granted slaves behind Confederate lines their freedom
Conscription
A draft that forced men to serve in the army
Clara Barton
One of the most famous nurses during the war, eventually founded the American Red Cross
Gettysburg
The most decisive battle of the war
Gettysburg Address
Unified the nation
William Sherman
Appointed by Grant as commander of the military division of the Mississippi
Appomattox Court House
Grant and Lee arranged a Confederate surrender
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
John Wilkes Booth
Assassinator of Lincoln
Freedmen’s Bureau
It arranged to teach them to read and write, considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government. Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues
Reconstruction
The period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War
Andrew Johnson
He wanted to break the planters’ power by excluding high-ranking Confederates and wealthy Southern landowners from taking oath needed for voting privileges.
14th Amendment
Prevented states from denying rights and privileges to any U.S. citizen aka anyone born in the United States
15th Amendment
No one can be kept from voting despite race or religion
Hiram Revels
The first African American senator
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
A southern vigilante group who wanted to destroy the Republican party, to throw out the Reconstruction governments, to aid the planter class, and to prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights.
