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Chemisty > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Subatomic particles

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2
Q

What are the three types of subatomic particles?

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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3
Q

Where is the nucleus and what is it made up of?

A

Its in the center of an atom and made up of protons and neutrons, tightly packed together

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4
Q

Where is the electron cloud?

A

On the outside of the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The same as the number of protons

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6
Q

What do all atoms of the same element have in common?

A

They all have the same number of protons

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7
Q

What is a proton’s charge and relative mass?

A

Positive and one

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8
Q

What is the number of electrons in a neutral atom?

A

the number of protons

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9
Q

What is a electron’s charge and relative mass?

A

negative and zero

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10
Q

What is a neutron’s charge and relative mass?

A

No charge and one

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11
Q

What do subscripts (in a chemical formula) represent?

A

The relative number of each type of atom

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12
Q

Does a subscript come in before or after the element symbol?

A

After

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13
Q

When are parenthesis used?

A

When a subscript effects a group of atoms

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14
Q

Describe a solid (in terms of kinetic theory)

A
  • fixed shape
  • particles closely packed together
  • particles held in one position and vibrate around
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15
Q

Describe a liquid (in terms of kinetic theory)

A
  • particles stay relatively close together
  • particles can move around each other
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16
Q

Describe a gas (in terms of kinetic theory)

A
  • particles are far apart
  • particles move rapidly and collide with each other and with the walls of the container
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17
Q

What is the mass # (number)?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

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18
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons (sometimes isotopes are radioactive)

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19
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The weighted average of the masses of all the known isotopes of the element

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20
Q

What is molar mass?

A

The mass of one mole of any element in grams (the same as atomic mass but with a unit)

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21
Q

What is the only way to form a compound from elements?

A

A chemical reaction

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22
Q

Does bond breaking require or release energy?

A

requires energy

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23
Q

Does bond making require or release energy?

A

releases energy

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24
Q

What is a solution?

A

a homogeneous mixture made up of very tiny particles (molecules, atoms, ions)

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25
Q

What is the solvent?

A

the substance that makes up the largest % of the solution

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26
Q

What is the most common/universal solvent?

A

water

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27
Q

What is the solute?

A

The substance being dissolved (in water, solutes are polar covalent comps. or ionic comps.)

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28
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

a solution that has all the dissolved solute that it can hold (max solute)

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29
Q

How can you identify that a solution is saturated?

A

Adding more solute will result with undissolved solute particles at the bottom after mixing

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30
Q

What is an unsaturated solution?

A

A solution that can still hold more solute

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31
Q

What is filtrate?

A

The liquid that passes through the filter

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32
Q

What do you measure volume with?

A

graduated cylinder

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33
Q

What do you measure mass (g) with?

A

electronic balance

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34
Q

What do nuclear reactions change?

A

Nuclear reactions change the composition of an atom’s nucleus

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35
Q

What do chemical reactions change?

A

Only the outer electrons (nucleus stays the same)

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36
Q

What does the stability of a nucleus depend on?

A

The ratio of protons to neutrons

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37
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

radioactive isotopes that have unstable nuclei

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38
Q

What is Carbon-14

A

A radioisotope of carbon

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39
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

when an unstable nucleus loses energy by spontaneously emitting radiation

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40
Q

Why is radiation called decay?

A

the original nucleus decomposes and forms a new nucleus (all while releasing radiation)

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41
Q

What are the three kind of radiation?

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

42
Q

What is an alpha radiation?

A
  • consist of 2 neutrons and 2 protons
  • identical to helium-4
  • do not have much penetrating power
43
Q

What is beta radiation?

A
  • when a neutron changes into a proton and electron (electron gets shot out of nucleus)
  • 100 times more penetrating then alpha particles
44
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A
  • very energetic form of light (human eyes cannot see)
  • accompanies alpha and beta radiation
  • much more penetrating (only stopped by heavy shielding)
45
Q

What is the symbol for gamma radiation?

A

Y

46
Q

What is the unit for atomic mass?

A

amu

47
Q

What are the indicators of a chemical reaction?

A
  • emission of light or heat
  • formation of gas
  • formation of a precipitate (when a solid forms)
  • color change
  • emission of odor
48
Q

What are the 2 parts of a chemical reaction?

A
  • Reactants (substances you start with)
  • Products (substances you end with)
49
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed by the reaction

50
Q

What’s a biological/protein catalyst?

A

Enzymes

51
Q

What are exothermic reactions?

A
  • release energy (as heat)
  • bonds formed
    making substance cooler with potential energy
52
Q

What are endothermic reactions?

A
  • absorbs heat
  • bonds broken
    making substance warmer with kinetic energy
53
Q

What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

54
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A
  • also known as combination reactions
  • two elements or compounds are combined to make one compound (release energy - exothermic)
    A+B ➝AB
55
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A
  • breakdown of compounds into smaller compounds or element (uses energy - endothermic)
    AB ➝A+B
56
Q

What is single replacement?

A
  • also known as single displacement
  • one element replaces another (reactants an element and a compound, products dif. element and compound)
    A+BC ➝AC+B
57
Q

What is double replacement?

A
  • two compounds replace each other (reactants iconic compounds or acid)
  • usually in aqueous (aq) solution
    AB+CD ➝AD+BC
58
Q

What is combustion?

A

A reaction where compound reacts with oxygen (products always are C0₂ + H₂O)

59
Q

What are the steps of recognizing the type of chemical equation?

A
60
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that takes up space

61
Q

What are the two types of matter?

A

pure substances and mixtures

62
Q

What are the two types of pure substances?

A

compound (molecule) and element

63
Q

What are the two types of mixtures?

A

Heterogeneous and Homogeneous (solution)

64
Q

What are the two types of heterogeneous mixtures?

A

suspensions and colloids

65
Q

Are solutions clear?

A

yes (a beam of light passing through them cannot be seen)

66
Q

What does aqueous (aq) mean?

A

dissolved in water

67
Q

What does solubility mean?

A

the measure of the amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure

68
Q

What is a solubility curve?

A

A curve that displays how much solute will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature

69
Q

what is the solution equilibrium?

A

When the rate of undissolved solute coming in equals the rate of undissolved solute going out

70
Q

What is a supersaturated solution?

A

when a solution contains greater than the max solute

71
Q

How do you find how many significant figures there are?

A

When decimal point is present, count sig. digits starting with the first non-zero digit on the left.
When decimal point is absent, count sig. digits starting with the first non-zero on the right.
(present-left, absent-right)

72
Q

What do you do when multiplying or dividing?

A

Round the answer to the least number of significant digits

73
Q

What do you do when adding or subtracting?

A

Round the answer to the least number of decimal places

74
Q

What is a counting?

A

A number with an exact value

75
Q

What are quantities?

A

defined numbers like those in a measurement system

76
Q

What is an estimated digit?

A

the last digit taken using a measurement device

77
Q

How do we balance chemical equations?

A

we adjust the coefficients until the equation is balanced
*balance compounds before other elements and balance O and H last.

78
Q

What does a triangle over the yield sign mean?

A

Heat

79
Q

What does cat over the yield sign mean?

A

Catalyst

80
Q

Are nuclear reactions affected by changes in temperature, pressure, or catalysts?

A

No

81
Q

Can nuclear reactions be sped up, slowed down, or shut off?

A

No

82
Q

What is radiation?

A

The penetrating rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source.

83
Q

What two things does atomic mass represent?

A
  1. The average mass of a single element in amu
  2. the mass of one mole of atoms in grams
84
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy of movement (attractions between molecules, determines how freely they can move and whether they take the shape of a container or not)

85
Q

Do liquids have fixed volume?

A

Yes

86
Q

Do gasses have fixed volumes?

A

No

87
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Process where electrical energy is used to produce a chemical change

88
Q

What is oxidation?

A

reduction caused by electrolysis oxidation taken away or added by electrical current

89
Q

Who was John Dalton and what did he concur?

A

the father of modern chemistry
- believed that elements are composed of tiny particles called atoms and all atoms of one element are the same

90
Q

What do protons define?

A

an elements identity

91
Q

What do electrons (ions) define?

A

an elements chemical properties

92
Q

Who discovered electrons?

A

TJ Thompson in 1897

93
Q

What does MG stand for?

A

Magnesium

94
Q

What does Li stand for?

A

Lithium

95
Q

What does Ba stand for?

A

Barium

96
Q

What does Ag stand for?

A

Silver

97
Q

What does Na stand for?

A

Sodium

98
Q

What does Au stand for?

A

Gold

99
Q

What does Cu stand for?

A

Copper

100
Q

What does F stand for?

A

Fluorine

101
Q

What does As?

A

Arsenic

Chemisty (16 decks)

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