Unit 2: Statements and their Relationships

Question 1

Define Statements

Answer 1

A sentence that is either true or false

Question 2

What type of sentences are not statements?

Answer 2

questions

commands

and nonsense sentences

are not statements because they do not have a truth value.

Question 3

What is a nonsense statement?

Answer 3

A statement that

contradicts itself

and

cannot be identified as true or false

Question 4

What is a self-supporting statement?

Answer 4

A statement whose

truth value

can be determined from the statement itself

Question 5

Self-supporting statements can be divided into three categories. What are they?

Answer 5

1. Self-reports
2. Statements that are true or false by logical structure
3. Statements** that are true or false by **definition.

Question 6

What is a self-contradiction?

Answer 6

A statement that is false** due to its **logical structure.

Question 7

What is a supported statement?

Answer 7

A statement whose

truth value

depends

on evidence or information from outside itself

Question 8

What are sources used for supported statements?

Answer 8

Authority

Experience

Observation

Question 9

What are consistent statements?

Answer 9

Two statements

that can

both be true at the same time

Question 10

What are the four major relationships

with self-supporting statements

and supported statements?

Answer 10

1. Consistency - true at the same time
2. Implication - the first requires the truth of the second
3. Logical equivalence - the first implies the second and the second implies the first
4. Independence - Neither statement can imply the other

Question 11

What are the 3 types of disagreements?

Answer 11

1. Real Disagreements - actual inconsistency: they can’t be true at the same time
2. Apparent Disagreement - a difference of opinion
3. Verbal Disagreement - a misunderstanding

Question 12

To analyze statements using categorical logic, translate them into a form that uses the ____________.

Answer 12

verb of being

Question 13

How do you change the verb of being to a predicate?

Answer 13

1. Identify entire subject
2. Choose the proper “to be” verb
3. Rewrite the entire predicate as a predicate nominate.

NOTE: Maintain the tense of verbs (past, present, future) when translating statements to standard form.

Question 14

What are categorical statements?

Answer 14

Statements that

affirm** or **deny

something about a given subject

Question 15

What are the two parts of a statement?

Answer 15

Subject and Predicate

Question 16

The quantity identifies whether the statement is _______________ or ___________

and quality identifies whether a statement is ______________ or ________________.

Answer 16

universal (all and no) or particular (some)

affirmative** (all or some) or **negative (no and some…not)

Question 17

Identify their Quantity and Quality:

1. All S are P
2. No S are P
3. Some S are P
4. Some S are not P

Answer 17

1. Universal / Affirmative
2. Universal / Negative
3. Particular/ Affirmative
4. Particular/ Negative

Question 18

What is the Square of Opposition?

Answer 18

A diagram that demonstrates how

A, E, I and O

statements are related

Question 19

What are A statements?

Answer 19

All S are P

Question 20

What are E statements?

Answer 20

No S are not P

Question 21

What are I statements?

Answer 21

Some S are P

Question 22

What are O statements?

Answer 22

Some S are not P

Question 23

Which A, E, I, O statements are contradictory?

Answer 23

A contradicts O

E contradicts I

Question 24

Two statements are in _________________

if and only if

they always have opposite truth values

Answer 24

contradiction

Question 25

Two statements are ______________

if and only if

they can both be false but cannot both be true

Answer 25

contrary

Question 26

Contrary statements only exist

between _____ and ______ statements.

Answer 26

Universal A and E

Question 27

Subcontrariety is the relationship

that exists between ____ and ____ statements.

Answer 27

I and O

Question 28

Two statements are ______________

if and only if

both can be true but both cannot be false

Answer 28

subcontraries

Question 29

________________ is the relationship

between a universal and particular statement

of the same quality,

in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular.

Answer 29

subimplication

Question 30

_______________ is the relationship

between a universal and particular statement

of the same quality,

in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal

Answer 30

superimplication

Question 31

Subimplication can only exist

between pairs of ____ and ___ statements

and pairs of ___ and ___ statements

Answer 31

A and I

E and O

Question 32

Superimplication can only exist

between pairs of ___ and ___ statements

and pairs of ___ and ___ statements

Answer 32

I and A

O and E