Unit 1: Terms and Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define Logic

A

The science and art of reasoning well.

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2
Q

Define reasoning

A

Drawing proper conclusions from other information

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3
Q

Law of Excluded Middle

A

Any statement is either true or false.

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4
Q

Law of Identity

A

If a statement is true, then it is true.

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5
Q

Law of Noncontradiction

A

A statement cannot be both true and false.

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6
Q

Formal Logic

A

Operations of thinking, includes:

deduction (categorical and propositional logic)

induction

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7
Q

Informal Logic

A

Proper modes of reasoning, includes:

terms

statements

informal fallacies

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8
Q

Induction

A

Reasoning with probability

from examples or experience

to general rules

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9
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty

from premises to conclusions

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10
Q

Syllogisms

A

A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and three terms

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11
Q

Term

A

expressed precisely in words

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12
Q

Definition

A

Gives the meaning of a term

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13
Q

Definitions show _________________.

A

relationships

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14
Q

Definitions remove _______________.

A

ambiguity

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15
Q

Lexical Definitions show ______________ and reduce ________________ and are found in a dictionary.

A

relationship

ambiguity

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16
Q

Definitions reduce _________________ and provides a precising definition.

17
Q

Definitions increase ________________.

A

vocabulary

18
Q

What is a stipulative definition?

A

A definition for

a new word that is invented

or an existing word that is applied in a new way

19
Q

Definitions can explain concepts ___________.

A

theoretically

(accepting a theory about the term being defined)

20
Q

Definitions can influence ____________.

A

attitudes

(persuasive definitions persuade the listener one way or another toward the term being defined)

21
Q

Define Genus

A

A term that is

more general,

broad,

or abstract

than the original term and includes it

22
Q

Define Species

A

A term that is

more specific,

narrow,

or concrete

than the original term and is included by it.

23
Q

What does it mean to increase extension of a term?

A

Greater extension

means

more members

more general

24
Q

What does it mean to increase intension of a term?

A

Greater intention

means

more concreteness

less members

25
Q

What are the 3 Methods of Defining a term?

A
  1. synonyms - using similar words
  2. example
  3. genus and difference - (example: Backpack; genus - bag, difference - carried on the back)
26
Q

What are the 6 Rules for defining by Genus and Difference?

A
  1. State essential attributes
  2. Not circular
  3. Not too broad or narrow
  4. Not unclear or figurative
  5. Stated positively, if possible
  6. Same part of speech as the term