Unit 1: Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Define Logic

Answer 1

The science and art of reasoning well.

Question 2

Define reasoning

Answer 2

Drawing proper conclusions from other information

Question 3

Law of Excluded Middle

Answer 3

Any statement is either true or false.

Question 4

Law of Identity

Answer 4

If a statement is true, then it is true.

Question 5

Law of Noncontradiction

Answer 5

A statement cannot be both true and false.

Question 6

Formal Logic

Answer 6

Operations of thinking, includes:

deduction (categorical and propositional logic)

induction

Question 7

Informal Logic

Answer 7

Proper modes of reasoning, includes:

terms

statements

informal fallacies

Question 8

Induction

Answer 8

Reasoning with probability

from examples or experience

to general rules

Question 9

Deduction

Answer 9

Reasoning with certainty

from premises to conclusions

Question 10

Syllogisms

Answer 10

A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and three terms

Question 11

Term

Answer 11

expressed precisely in words

Question 12

Definition

Answer 12

Gives the meaning of a term

Question 13

Definitions show _________________.

Answer 13

relationships

Question 14

Definitions remove _______________.

Answer 14

ambiguity

Question 15

Lexical Definitions show ______________ and reduce ________________ and are found in a dictionary.

Answer 15

relationship

ambiguity

Question 16

Definitions reduce _________________ and provides a precising definition.

Answer 16

vagueness

Question 17

Definitions increase ________________.

Answer 17

vocabulary

Question 18

What is a stipulative definition?

Answer 18

A definition for

a new word that is invented

or an existing word that is applied in a new way

Question 19

Definitions can explain concepts ___________.

Answer 19

theoretically

(accepting a theory about the term being defined)

Question 20

Definitions can influence ____________.

Answer 20

attitudes

(persuasive definitions persuade the listener one way or another toward the term being defined)

Question 21

Define Genus

Answer 21

A term that is

more general,

broad,

or abstract

than the original term and includes it

Question 22

Define Species

Answer 22

A term that is

more specific,

narrow,

or concrete

than the original term and is included by it.

Question 23

What does it mean to increase extension of a term?

Answer 23

Greater extension

means

more members

more general

Question 24

What does it mean to increase intension of a term?

Answer 24

Greater intention

means

more concreteness

less members

Question 25

What are the 3 Methods of Defining a term?

Answer 25

1. synonyms - using similar words
2. example
3. genus and difference - (example: Backpack; genus - bag, difference - carried on the back)

Question 26

What are the 6 Rules for defining by Genus and Difference?

Answer 26

1. State essential attributes
2. Not circular
3. Not too broad or narrow
4. Not unclear or figurative
5. Stated positively, if possible
6. Same part of speech as the term