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Introductory Logic > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Logic

A

The science and art of reasoning well.

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2
Q

3 Laws of Thought

A
  1. Law of Excluded Middle - T or F
  2. Law of Identity - If T, then T
  3. Law of Noncontradiction - Not both T and F
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3
Q

Formal Logic

A

Deals with proper modes of reasoning

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4
Q

Informal Logic

A

Deals with operation of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning

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5
Q

Induction

A

Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules

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6
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions

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7
Q

Term

A

A concept expressed precisely in words

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8
Q

Definition

A

A statement that gives the meaning of a term

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9
Q

Five Types of Definitions

A

Lexical definition - from a dictionary
Precising definition - reduces vagueness
Stipulative definition - increases vocabulary
Theoretical definition - explains concepts theoretically
Persuasive definition - influences attitudes

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10
Q

Genus and Species

A

Genus - more broad or general

Species - more specific

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11
Q

Extension and Intension

A

Increasing Extension - becomes more broad
Decreasing Extension - becomes more specific

Increasing Intension - becomes more specific
Decreasing Intension - becomes more broad

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12
Q

The Three Methods of Defining

A

Defining by Synonym - similar words
Defining by Example - give an example (picture, story, object, etc.)
Defining by Genus and Difference - genus is bag, difference is backpack

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13
Q

The Rules for Defining by Genus and Difference

A

A definition should…

  1. state the essential attributes of the term
  2. not be circular
  3. not be too broad or too narrow
  4. not be unclear or figurative
  5. be stated positively, if possible
  6. be of the same part of speech as the term
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14
Q

Statement

A

A sentence that is either true of false

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15
Q

Self-Supporting Statements

A

A statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself.

  1. Self -reports
  2. T of F by logical structure
  3. T or F by definition
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16
Q

Supported Statements

A

A statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside itself.

  1. authority
  2. experience or observation
  3. deduction
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17
Q

The Four Relationships Between Statements

A
  1. Consistency - both T at the same time
  2. Implication - truth of one requires the truth of the other
  3. Logical Equivalence - Two statements that imply one another
  4. Independence - if T/F of one has nothing to do with T/F of the other
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18
Q

The Three Types of Disagreements

A
  1. Real Disagreement - both cannot be T at the same time
  2. Apparent Disagreement - differences of opinion or perception
  3. Verbal Disagreement - different definitions used for the same word
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19
Q

How to Translate a Statement Into Standard Categorical Form

A
  1. Identify the entire subject and write it down
  2. Choose the proper “to be” verb (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)
  3. Rewrite the entire predicate as a predicate nominative (i.e., a noun) - throws rocks becomes a rock-thrower
20
Q

The Subject and Predicate of a Statement

A

Subject - Who or What the sentence is about

Predicate - Describes or asserts something about the subject

21
Q

The Square of Opposition

A 
A diagram of basic relations between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate
A, E, I and O statements
A - All S are P
E - No S are P
I - Some S are P
O - Some S are not P
22
Q 
The Relationship Demonstrated by the Square of Opposition:
Contradiction
Contrariety
Sub-Contrariety
Subimplication
Superimplication
A

Contradiction - Always have opposite truth values
A and O, E and I
Contrariety - Both false, but can’t both be true
A and E
Sub-Contrariety - If both true, but both cannot be false
I and O
Subimplication - Only exists between pairs of A and I statements and E and O statements
Superimplication - Only exists between pairs of I and A statements and O and E statements

23
Q

Argument

A

Set of statements that appear to implied or supported by the others

24
Q

Conclusion

A

A statement that appears to be implied by the premises

25
Q

Premise

A

Statements that support and imply the conclusion

26
Q

Syllogism

A

A deductive argument with two premises and three terms

27
Q

Categorical Syllogism

A

Consists of three statements in categorical form

28
Q

Major, Minor, and Middle Term

A

Major Term - predicate of the conclusion
Minor Term - subject of the conclusion
Middle Term - Found once in each premise

29
Q

Schema

A 
A representation of a syllogism
Statements are in standard order with standard abbreviations
Example:
Some M are P
All S are M
. ' . Some S are P
30
Q

Mood

A

A three-letter description of the types of categorical statements when arranged in standard order.
Example:
IAI

31
Q

Figure

A

A number from 1 to 4 identifying the placement of the middle term

32
Q

Validity

A

Valid statement if and only if the premise implies the conclusion

33
Q

Soundness

A

Valid syllogism that has true premises

34
Q

Counterexamples

A

Syllogism that has a false conclusion to show the original syllogism to be invalid

35
Q

Distribution

A

A term that refers to all members of it’s categories

36
Q

Rules for Validity

A

Rules

  1. In at least on premise the term must be distributed
  2. If a term is distributed in its conclusion it must also be distributed in its premise
  3. It cannot have two negative premises
  4. It cannot have a negative premise and affirmative conclusion
  5. It cannot have two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion
37
Q

How to Tell if a Term is Distributed in a Statement

A 
S        P
A    D        U
E    D        D
I      U       U
O    U       D
38
Q

Immediate Inferences

A

A statement that can be directly inferred from another statement

39
Q

The Complement of a Term

A

A set of all terms not included in the given term.

Thus, the term P is non-P

40
Q

Enthymemes

A

An argument in which a statement is unstated and assumed. It is a syllogism with one assumed statement.

41
Q

Hypothetical Syllogisms

A

A statement that affirms an outcome based on a condition. It has the form If P then Q.

42
Q

Modus Ponens

A

P >Q
P
. ‘ . Q

43
Q

Modus Tollens

A

P > Q
~Q
. ‘ . ~P

44
Q

Affirming the Consequent

A

P > Q
Q
. ‘ . P

45
Q

Denying the Antecedent

A

P > Q
~P
. ‘ . ~Q

Introductory Logic (6 decks)

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