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Ecology > Unit 2: Social Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Social Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

social behavior

A

the interactions between individuals of the same species

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2
Q

benefits of social behavior

A
  • survival -> lower likelihood of predation
  • feeding -> easier to find food; safer to feed
  • mating -> easier to find/attract mates
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3
Q

calf defense by

A

musk oxen

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4
Q

the benefits of living in groups include

A
  • less energy expended on vigilance
  • decreased vigilance -> decreased food handling COST (in terms of time)
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5
Q

Leks are a good example of

A

the benefits (for some individuals) of group living

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6
Q

reproductive displays among sage grouse draw in more females when

A

multiple males are involved

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7
Q

density - dependent factors like [–] and [–] make group living [–]

A

density - dependent factors like predation and competition make group living costly

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8
Q

close association with conspecifics alllows

A

rapid infection of parasites and diseases

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9
Q

large groups can also mean

A

increased competition for food

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10
Q

The trade-off between risk and reward leads to

A

optimization

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11
Q

intermediate-sized baboon groups had

A

the least stress and the smallest food travel distance

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12
Q

territoriality has [–] but can mitigate [–] encounters

A

territoriality has energy costs but can mitigate agonistic encounters

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13
Q

territory

A

area defended against the intrusion of other

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14
Q

territoriality is used to protect resources such as

A
  • food
  • mate
  • offpsring
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15
Q

territoriality is

A

transient or permenant

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16
Q

territoriality requires

A

active defense, territorial animals are mobile

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17
Q

dominace hierarchies maintain social order when

A

defending a territory is impractical

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18
Q

dominance hierarchies are defined by

A

social rank rather than space

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19
Q

first ranked individuals

A

dominate all other

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20
Q

territoriality is hard to maintain when

A

there is high population density, resource transcience, need to live in group

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21
Q

Social interactions can be categorized as + or - for the

A

donor and the recipient

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22
Q

cooperation and selfishness favored by

A

natural selection (benefit donor)

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23
Q

spitefulness is

A

never favored (no benefit)

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24
Q

altruism is a

A
  • special case
  • reduces direct fitness of the donor but increases inclusive fitness
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25
Q

altruistic

A

donor = losses (-)
reciever = gain (+)

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26
Q

spiteful

A
  • donor = losses (-)
  • reciever = losses (-)
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27
Q

cooperative

A

donor = gain (+)
reciever = gain (+)

28
Q

selfish

A

donor = gains (+)
reciever = losses (-)

29
Q

coefficents of relatedness describe

A

the likelihood that two individuals will share the same alleles

30
Q

natural selection favors traits that increase

A

inclusive fitness (direct + indirect)

31
Q

Total fitness of a gene responsible for a particuar behavior =

A

inclusive fitness

32
Q

indirect fitness =

A

B x r
B = benefit
r = relatedness

33
Q

inclusive (total) fitness =

A

direct + indirect fitness

34
Q
A
35
Q

altruism will evolve where:

A

C/B < r
C = cost to donor
B = benefit to recipient
r = coefficent of relationship

36
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Br > C

37
Q

Wild turkey coalitions demonstrate

A

the benefits of altruistic behavior

38
Q

LEK

A
  • gathering of males to perform courtship displays
  • more males -> more females pay attention
39
Q

Wild turkey leks =

A

2+ males

40
Q

indirect fitness benefit of LEK

A

associated males are full or half sibs (coefficent of relationship ave = 0.42)
offspring produced: dominant male (ave) = 6.1, solo male (ave) = 0.9
cost to a single male to join lek = 0.9
indirect fitness benefit = B x r = 6.1 x 0.42 = 2.6

41
Q
A
42
Q

“Helpers at the nest” increase their

A

inclusive fitness when likelihood of individuals success is low

43
Q

one of the costs associated with kin selection is described as

A

“Parent/Offspring Conflict”

44
Q

Parent/offspring conflict

A

parent and offspring differ over optimal level of parental investment

45
Q

parent’s dilemma

A

current reproductive effort vs future efforts

46
Q

Parental investment may be

A

an “actractiveness” factor in mate choice

47
Q

fitness of an individual progeny generally increases with

A

parental expenditure

48
Q

parental optimum differs from

A

the optimum for individual progeny, setting up a conflict of interests between parents and progeny

49
Q

In belding’s ground squirrels, females

A

risk death more often than would be expected

50
Q

females are more likely to be related to

A

their co-foragers

51
Q
A
51
Q

eusocial groups exhibit the

A

highest level of organization

52
Q

eusocial groups

A
  • large number of non-reproductive individuals
  • several adults living together in groups
  • overlapping generations
  • cooperation in nest building and brood care
  • reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, including the presence of sterile castes
53
Q

eusociality is limited among

A

insects to isoptera (termites) and hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), and to one mammal, the naked mole rat

54
Q

naked mole rat eusociality

A
  • live in large colonies, presided over by a queen
  • only thr queen and a few select males breed
  • rest of the colony – all members of the same family – work together to raise young and maintain the colony
  • wild colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average colony consisting of 75 individuals
55
Q

in bees relatedness is skewed by

A

haploidy/diploidy sex determination

56
Q

bees

females are

A

diploid

57
Q

bees

males are

A

haploid

58
Q
A
59
Q

bees

dominated by

A

a queen, only the queen breeds

60
Q

bees

sterile worker caste =

A

female

61
Q

bees

reproductive cast =

A

male and female

62
Q

bees

caste determined by

A

nutritioon during larval development

63
Q

bees

because of haplodiploidy in bees, sisters have [–] of their genes (on average)

A

75%

64
Q

bees

because female share [–] the same genes from their father and an average of [–] from their mother, the average coefficent of relatedness among workers is [–], much higher than mammal sibilings

A

because female share 100% the same genes from their father and an average of 50% from their mother, the average coefficent of relatedness among workers is 75%, much higher than mammal sibilings

Ecology (10 decks)

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