Unit 2: Life History Strategies

Question 1

Adaptation is apparent at

Answer 1

every stage of the life cycle
* embryo
* juvenile
* adult

Question 2

embryo stage

Answer 2

time to and size at hatching or birth

Question 3

juvenile stage

Answer 3

• time to and size at metamorphosis (if applicable)
• time to and size at sexual maturity

Question 4

adult stage

Answer 4

• number of breeding events
• number and size of offspring per breeding event
• parental investment
• longevity

Question 5

Life history adaptations tend to trend toward

Answer 5

overal short or long lifespan, with some exceptions

Question 6

greater number of offspring =

Answer 6

• shorter lifespan
• faster growth
• earlier reproduction
• earlier sexual maturation
• smaller parental investment

Question 7

fewer offspring =

Answer 7

• longer life span
• slower growth
• delayed reproduction
• later sexual maturation
• greater parental investment

Question 8

life history traits tend to fall on a [–]

Answer 8

continuum of environmental factors

Question 9

the principle of allocation

Answer 9

• organisms have finite amounts of energy and resources to overcome environmental challenges so compromises or trade-offs are made

Question 10

for plants, trade-offs involve

Answer 10

• seed size
• number
• distribution method

Question 11

studies have demonstrated the trade-offs between

Answer 11

clutch size and reproductive success

Question 12

fledging

Answer 12

leaving nest = difficult to keep track of them

Question 13

tropical and temperate birds have different strategies for

Answer 13

provisioning offspring

Question 14

temperate birds tend to

Answer 14

make more trips but have higher mortality

Question 15

tropical birds tend to

Answer 15

make more trips per nestling, increasing their reproductive success because of increased offspring survival

Question 16

Kestrels could raise more chicks, but it would

Answer 16

decrease parental survival

Question 17

what happended during clutch manipulation for kestrels

Answer 17

• when more egges are added, more offspring survive
• increasing clutch size also increased mortality for parents

Question 18

studies have also show trade-offs between [–] and [–] to immune function

Answer 18

parental effort and allocation of resources

Question 19

black capped chickadees use [–]

Answer 19

torpor to conserve energy

Question 20

black-capped chickadees to what to their body weight

Answer 20

in the fall, they increase their body weight ~4% to stave off effects of water foraging

Question 21

flycatchers with larger broods also demonstrated higher rates of

Answer 21

malarial parasite infection

Question 23

in high predator environments, guppies

Answer 23

allocate more resources to producing quickly

Question 24

higher predator environments =

Answer 24

mature male guppy size is small = % of reproduction of allocation is higher

Question 25

freshwater snails, conversely, delay reproduction in the

Answer 25

“presence” of predators to grow larger and produce large egg masses

Question 26

semelparity

Answer 26

• reproduction that is done only once
• reproduce and then die
• no point in surviving once they reproduce

ex) bamboo, agave, salmon

Question 27

iteroparity

Answer 27

• multiple reproduction events
• repeated reproduction
• fewer offspring per time

ex) birds, humans

Question 28

Senecence

Answer 28

• occurs in both iteroparous and semelparous species
• the condition of process of deterioration with age