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Ecology > Unit 1: Emerging Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 1: Emerging Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

transmitted from animals to humans

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2
Q

The most often cited climate change-dependent diseases are those that are [–]

A

mosquito borne

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3
Q

Parasite (non-virus) examples

A

malaria
dog heartworm

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4
Q

viruses examples

A
  • dengue
  • west nile
  • chikungunya
  • zika
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5
Q

non-mosquito-borne examples

A

anthrax
fungal (?)

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6
Q

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

northern house mosquito & southern house mosquito

resting sites, biting time, diseases, breeding location

A
  • Resting Sites: lower vegetation
  • Biting Time: Daytime
  • Disease: Zika Virus, Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever
  • Breeding Location: Artifical containers
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7
Q

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Yellow Fever Mosquito & Asian Tiger Mosquito

resting sites, biting time, diseases, breeding location

A
  • Resting Sites: 15-25 ft off ground
  • Biting Time: Evening
  • Disease: West Nile Virus
  • Breeding Location: Temporary Water
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8
Q

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Malaria Mosquito

resting sites, biting time, diseases, breeding location

A
  • Resting Sites: shaded ares
  • Biting Time: dusk & dawn
  • Disease: Malaria, Dog Heartworm
  • Breeding Location: Clean, Fresh water
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9
Q

shifts in [–] and [–] can lead to shifts in disease likelihood

A

temperature and water

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What will happen to the active months of mosquitos with the current climate change patterns

A

some areas will become too hot/dry for mosquitoes, so a shift north will occur, and more active mosquito months with occur in the northern latitudes compared to today

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12
Q

The increased [–] has allowed mosquitos to [–]

A

The increased temperature has allowed mosquitos to breed at higher altitudes

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13
Q

as the planet warms, it seems likely that [–] will become more dangerous to more people

A

malaria

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14
Q

malaria results from transmission of

A

the plasmodium parasite

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15
Q

Malaria Parasite Life Cycle Steps

A
  1. Transmission to humans (injects sporozoites via bite)
  2. Sporozoites enter liver and infect hepatocytes (mitotic replication)
  3. Liver cells rupture and merozoites released
  4. Intraerythrocytic cycle (asexual/sympotmatic cycle)
  5. Sexual cycle (merozoites produce gametocytes instead)
  6. Transmission to mosquito (ingests gametocyte via bite)
  7. Gametocytes mate, undergo meiosis
  8. Migrates through midgut wall, forms oocyst
  9. Sporozoites develop
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16
Q

Where had west nile been detected

A

humans
horses
birds

17
Q

west nile is deadly for individiuals with

A

underlying conditions or elderly

18
Q

west nile can lead to

A

encephalitis

19
Q

Transmission periods for dengue virus are likely to increase as [–]

A

temperature increases

20
Q

Chikungunya virus has spread from

A

one type of mosquito to another, leading to new infections

21
Q

Zika virus has been found in

A

over 50 countries/territories

22
Q

There is [–] for zika and there are no [–] studies

A

There is no vaccine for zika and there are no longevity studies

23
Q

zika may lead to

A

microcephaly
deafness

24
Q
A
24
Q

why are deer getting infected with covid

A

they may be catching it from humans who feed them in their yard, or by licking chewing tobacco left by infected hunters

25
Q

Lyme disease cycle relies on

A

bacteria and ticks

26
Q

horizontal transmission of lyme disease

A
  1. infected host -> ticks
  2. increase in acorns
  3. increase rodent population
  4. tick infection rate
27
Q

Other tick-related emerging diseases include

A

alpha-gal syndrome (AGS)

28
Q

what is alpha-gal syndrome

A
  • alpha-gal = sugar molecule found in most mammals
  • it can also be found in saliva of ticks
  • humans don’t make alpha-gal
  • the tick fluid has alpha-gal and so a bite causes an allergic reaction in people
29
Q

what happen in 2016 at the Yamak peninsula in Siberia after a 95 degree heat wave?

A

a pingo formed

30
Q

how does a pingo form?

A
  1. a lake within an area of continuous permafrost: the water insulates a layer of soil that is unfrozen and called a talik
  2. when the lake drains the unfrozen layer shrinks, causing the water inside it to concentrate in the middle
  3. this water freezes to form a body of ground ice that distorts the overlying soil in to a pingo
31
Q

melting of permafrost is the likely source of

A

a new anthrax outbreak

insects picked up anthrax and transfered to humans

32
Q

Fungal diseases like [–], are also emerging, although links to climate change have not been established

A

*candida auris

33
Q

candida auris

A
  • tends to be multi-drug resistant
  • 30-60% fatal in patients with serious co-morbidities

Ecology (10 decks)

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