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Ecology > Unit 2: Reproductive Strategies > Flashcards

Unit 2: Reproductive Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

3 drivers of natural selection

A
  1. variation
  2. consequences
  3. heritability
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2
Q

australian kalutas reproduction

A
  • males have a 2 week window to successfully breed
  • the stress of finding a mate and completing copulations kills most males before the breeding window is over
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3
Q

while reproduction is an evolutionary imperative, benefits to sexual reproduction

A

outweigh the costs

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4
Q

why is sex so popular among multicellular organsims?

A
  1. sex evolves when selection changes over time (red queen hypothesis)
  2. sex evolves when selection changes over space (migration)
  3. sex evolves when organisms are less adapted to their environment
  4. sex evolves when populations are finite
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5
Q

Male bedbugs use [–] to deliver sperm

A
  • traumatic insemination, piercing the female’s abdomen to deliver sperm
  • this decreases female longevity and the number of eggs they produce
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6
Q

under certain assumptions, the “cost of meiosis” should

A

drive populations toward asexual reproduction

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7
Q

John Maynard Smith’s views

A
  • a female reproductive mode does not affect the number of offspring she can make
  • a female’s reproductive mode does not affect the probability that her offspring will survive
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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

allows for reproduction without the risks of sex

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9
Q

Whiptail Lizards

A
  • formly sexual species -> rediscovered the ability to reproduce asexually
  • rich genetic diversity
  • stable environment
  • taking turns as “male” to stimulate egg production
  • also komodo dragons, hammerhead sharks, turkey, snakes rediscovered the ability to reproduce asexually
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10
Q

Sexually reproducing populations have

A

greater capacity to overcome challenges through genetic recombination

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11
Q

sexually reproducing roundworms had better survival when exposed to

A

bacterial parasites

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12
Q

what is the pattern in small populations for sexual reproduction

A
  • not enough genetic diversity
  • likely to die within 20 generations
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13
Q

In animals, sex determination may be

A

environmentally or socially determined

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14
Q

Blue headed wrasse: largest female changes to male if

A

dominant male is lost

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15
Q

heat overrides genes to make bearded dragon embryos to

A

change sex

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16
Q

Like birds, female bearded dragons are [–], males are [–]

A

Like birds, female bearded dragons are ZW, males are ZZ

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17
Q

hermaphrodite

A
  • both sexes found in a single body
  • have flowers with both male and female parts
  • “perfect” flowers
  • allows for auto-pollination
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18
Q

dimorphism

A

both sexes found in a separate body

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19
Q

monoecious plants

A
  • 1 home
  • have separate male and female flowers on a single individual
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20
Q

dioecious plants

A

have either male or female flowers on different individuals

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21
Q

plants may adopt [–] strategies to meet environmental challenges

A

mixed strategies

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22
Q

some plants change [–] as they mature (some fish as well)

A

sexes

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23
Q

how do spider plants adopt mixed strategies to meet environmental challenges?

A
  • they grow plantlets for asexual reproduction
  • they grow white flowers for sexual reproduction
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24
Q

What is the offspring sex ratio

A
  • 3 F : 3M -> 18 grandoffspring
  • 5 F : 1 M -> 30 grandoffspring
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25
Q

is there an advantage to having sons rather than daughters?

A

Since 1 son can fertilize eggs of many females within the population, there is less advantage to have more sons

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26
Q

Sex ratio may be [–] by factors that are [–] or [–]

A

Sex ratio may be skewed by factors that are pre-fertilization or post-fertilization

27
Q

Dear Example + Sex ratio

Yearling females have

A

fewer energy resources and produce fewer males
(sons are larger at birth + require more milk)

28
Q

Dear Example + Sex ratio

Male fetuses are

A

aborted more often during gestation by yearling mothers
(aborted more in colder environments)

29
Q

Suppose the grimalgost, reproduces by laying eggs once each generation. A female grimalgost typically lays 2 eggs. If a population is composed of 5 females and 2 males and we assume that a male can breed with more than one female, how many copies of genes, on average do each male and female contribute to the next generation?

A

Total # of eggs = 5 F x 2 eggs = 10 eggs
Average female fitness = 10 female gene copies / 5 F = 2 gene copies per female
Average male fitness = 10 male gene copies / 2 M = 5 gene copies per male
males have greater fitness

30
Q

the evolution and maintenance of sex ratios is the result of

A

frequency-depedent selection

31
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

when a rare phenotype (sex)is favored by natural selection, an individual’s reproductive fitness will increase by having offspring with that phenotype as they will be more desireable mates

32
Q

how do calculate reproductive success?

A

female RS = total eggs / breeding F
male RS = total eggs /breeding M

33
Q

A “mating system” describes

A

the number and length of associations between males and females

34
Q

monogamy

A

1 F : 1 M

35
Q

polygamy

A

A mating system in which one male mates with multiple females, or one female mates with multiple males, or both males and females have multiple mates.

36
Q

polyandry

A

type of polygamy
multiple M : 1 F

37
Q

polygyny

A

type of polygamy
multiple females : 1 M

38
Q

promiscuity

A

no specific relationship/ no pair bonds
multiple males : multiple females

39
Q

Monogamy is advantageous when

A
  • two parents are required to raise offspring
  • however, it may encourage cheating (extra-pair copopulations)
40
Q

in monogamous mating females

A

choose males for their potential as provider (territory) and then other males for their genetic contributions (attractiveness)

41
Q

Sexual dimorphism may promote

A

runaway (directional) selection

42
Q

in peacocks, males with more eye spots =

A

more attractive = more offspring

42
Q
A
43
Q

Darwin predicted that selection for sexual attractiveness would be constrained by

A
  • survival needs
  • ex) moving guppies from low to high predator environment changed morphology and life history (age, size)
44
Q
A
45
Q

“reaction norm”

A

describes the sensistivity of an organim’s phenotype to environmental changes

46
Q

Selection for traits that maximize reproduction is

A

sexual selection

47
Q

sexual selection leads to

A

sexual dimorphism

48
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

two sexes have different shapes

49
Q

what is the difference between interspecific, intraspecific, and intrasexual selection?

A
  • interspecific: between different species
  • intraspecific: within species
  • intrasexual: males being selected for or against the males in that species
50
Q

musth

A
  • steroid rage (males)
  • can overcome a larger stronger male
51
Q

maximizing reproductive success may require trade-offs between for

A

those with more to lose (usually females)

52
Q

in polygynous populations, female reproductive success can vary depending on

A

territory quality

53
Q

female choice

A

balances male attractiveness and territory quality to maximize fitness

54
Q

The polygyny threshold model

A

identifies the trade-off between male attractiveness and territory quality

55
Q

In red-winged blackbirds, females

A

choose a territory and then a male, leading to extra pair copopulations (EPC)

56
Q
A
57
Q

Runaway selection explains the evolution of female choice by

A
  • female choice of longer tails leads to extreme phenotypes
  • artificially lengthened tails garner more mates
58
Q

Pheasant hens prefer cocks with bigger spurs because

A

males with desirable MHC also have longer spurs

59
Q

MHC

A
  • major histocompatibility complex
  • tissue matching
  • genetic relatedness
60
Q

The good health hypothesis

A

assumes that appearance is an indicator of health

61
Q

the healthy son hypothesis

A

morphed to oxidative stress

62
Q

“Good genes” models assume

A
  • underlying physiological health
  • you don’t produce healthy feathers if metaboloism is stressed

Ecology (10 decks)

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