Unit 2-Skeletal

Question 1

Functions of the skeleton; Protection?

Answer 1

Protects organs eg. Skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart and lungs

Question 2

Shape and support?

Answer 2

The framework. Creates posture and supports the weight of the rest of the body

Question 3

Movement?

Answer 3

Muscles attached on bones, allowing movement of body. When muscles contract, the bones allow for movement to take place.

Question 4

Blood production?

Answer 4

Red and white blood cells are produced by bone marrow. This is from red bone marrow contained within certain bones.

Question 5

Storing and release?

Answer 5

Store and releases minerals and fats. Bones act as storage organs for things like calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium. “Homeostasis”; helps maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood (for muscle contraction, nerve impulses)

Question 6

Four types of bone cells; Osteogenic (stem cell)?

Answer 6

Found in deep layers of bone marrow. Develops into osteoblasts

Question 7

Osteoblasts?

Answer 7

Building. Growing portion; endosteum, periosteum. Builds bone. Synthesises collagen fibres and initiates calcification.

Question 8

Osteoclasts?

Answer 8

Crushing. Found in bones surface, at the site of injured bone. Bone reabsorption, removes injured tissues.

Question 9

Osteocytes?

Answer 9

Mature. Trapped in the matrix. Maintains mineral concentration of matrix

Question 10

What is bone composed of? How does this affect its characteristics?

Answer 10

Connective tissue produced by osteocytes.
Matrix—> 25%water.
—> 25%collagen fibres. FLEXIBLE (shock absorption/ weight distribution) and STRONG (reinforcement in concrete)
—> 50%hydroxyapatite. ( crystallised salt arrangement, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate) HARD as concrete

Question 11

What is axial skeleton?

Answer 11

Consists of bones that lie around central axis of body. Main support for posture and protection of nervous system and organs. (Skull, ribs spine)

Question 12

What is appendicular skeleton?

Answer 12

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulders and pelvic bone. Allows for the articulation of the limbs with the axial skeleton.

Question 13

What are some characteristics of bone itself?

Answer 13

• Multi nucleic

- Spaced apart

Question 14

Epiphysis?

Answer 14

Enlarged ends of the bone
Connects with ends of other bones- joints
Outer part- compact
Inner part- cancellous

Question 15

Metaphysis?

Answer 15

Connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis.

Forms part of the growth plate

Question 16

Diaphysis?

Answer 16

Made up of contact bone
Hollow centre- medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow)
Lined by endosteum (endo= inside)
“Nutrient artery”- blood vessels supply nutrients to bone. (Penetrates bone via ‘nutrient poreman’

Question 17

Red bone marrow?

Answer 17

In the cancellous

Produces white blood cells and maturation. Also red blood cells and platelets.

Question 18

Yellow bone marrow?

Answer 18

Located in the cavity of the bone

Fatty, buttery texture

Question 19

Epiphyseal plate?

Answer 19

Growth plate.
Contains osteoblasts
Calcifies when stopped growing
Influences by human growth hormone

Question 20

Articulate cartilage

Answer 20

Thin layer of ‘hyaline’ cartilage
Found on the epiphysis on joints
Protects the ends of bone from damage caused by joint movement (reduces friction)

Question 21

Difference between compact and cancellous bone?

Answer 21

Compact- 80% of bone. hard, dense, rigid. Filled with tiny holes and passageway. Blood vessels located in these holes that supply te bone with nutrients and oxygen.
Cancellous- 205 of bone. Thin, bony elements (trabeculae). Red bone barrow in pores. Red blood cells form. (By haemopoesis)