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BIO181 > Unit 2: Population Ecology I and II > Flashcards

Unit 2: Population Ecology I and II Flashcards

1
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

Organism’s interaction with environment (biotic and abiotic)

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2
Q

Population Ecology

A

interactions between members of the same species with each other and their environment

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3
Q

Community Ecology

A

interactions between populations and their environment

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4
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

interactions between communities and the climatic conditions of an entire region

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5
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

effects of spatial distributions in an area that can affect a species

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6
Q

What are the three key characteristics of population ecology?

A
  1. Range
  2. Spacing patterns
  3. Changes in size over time
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7
Q

Match the following with either an (A) abiotic factor or (B) biotic factor.

Sunlight
Bacteria
Rainfall
Zebras
Viruses

A

Sunlight (A)
Bacteria (B)
Rainfall (A)
Zebras (B)
Viruses (A)

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8
Q

What is the difference between a biotic component and an abiotic component?

A

Biotic components are living whereas abiotic components are non-living.

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9
Q

What are the two types of checks on populations?

A

Density-dependent and density-independent

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10
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

Checks on a population that are directly correlated to the size of a population

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11
Q

What are 4 examples of density-dependent factors?

A

Disease
Competition
Predation
Parasitism

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12
Q

Density-Independent Factors

A

Checks on a population that have no correlation to the size of a population

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of density-independent factors?

A

Weather and climate
Pollution
Rapid habitat loss

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14
Q

What are the three methods used by ecologists to study populations?

A

Demography
Population Growth
Population Dynamics

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15
Q

Demography

A

Study of factors that determine the size of populations through time

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16
Q

Population Dynamics

A

Interactions of demography and population growth

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17
Q

Population Growth

A

Change in the number of individuals in the population per unit time

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18
Q

What is the formula for population growth?

A

N/t = births - deaths

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19
Q

A population of snakes has a growth rate of r = -0.07. What is happening to the population?

A

The population is declining.

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20
Q

If r = 1.43, then the population is said to be _______.

A

Growing

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21
Q

If a population is not exhibiting change in rate, what is its growth rate?

A

r = 0.00

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of exponential growth?

A
  • Population increases under ideal conditions
  • Experiences rapid growth but this is not limitless as the carrying capacity will be reached
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23
Q

True or False: a higher r indicates that a population is growing more rapidly

A

True

24
Q

A s-curve is indicative of which population growth curve?

A

Logistical

25
Q

A s-curve is indicative of which population growth curve?

A

Logistical

26
Q

In population ecology, N stands for what?

A

Population size

27
Q

In population ecology, K stands for what?

A

Carrying capacity

28
Q

Suppose a population has the following data. Calculate its logistical growth.

N = 1653
K = 1493
r = -0.97

A

-172

29
Q

Match the following relation of N and K (letter) with its definition (number).

A) N –> K
B) N = K
C) N > K

1) Growth rate is zero
2) Population growth slows
3) Population decline until K

A

A - 2
B - 1
C - 3

30
Q

What are r-selected populations?

A

Populations where:
- Age of first reproduction is early
- Life span is short
- Maturation time is short
- Mortality rate is high
- Number of offspring is high
- Number of reproductions per lifetime is low
- No parental care
- Size of offspring is often small

31
Q

What are K-selected populations?

A

Populations where:
- Age of first reproduction is late
- Life span is long
- Maturation time is long
- Mortality rate is low
- Number of offspring is low
- Number of reproductions per lifetime is high
- Extensive parental care
- Size of offspring is often large

32
Q

How do birth and immigration, as well as death and emigration, play a role in population dynamics?

A

Birth and immigration add individuals to a population, while death and emigration remove individuals from a population.

33
Q

What do the different values of R (net reproductive rate) mean?

A

If R > 1, growth is occurring
If R < 1, decline is occurring
If R = 1, population is in equilibrium

34
Q

A population has a higher proportion of its individuals living early on, not surviving late, reproducing early, and minimal parental care. Which type of survivorship best explains this?

A

Type III

35
Q

Under the Mark-Recapture method, how is total population size deterimined?

A

[(# of marked individuals in 1st catch) x (total # in 2nd catch)] / (# of marked recaptures in 2nd catch)

36
Q

What is an issue with the Mark-Recapture method?

A

Previously captured animals could learn to avoid traps or intentionally get caught to gain access to food

37
Q

What are the three types of dispersion patterns?

A

Clumped spacing
Uniform spacing
Random spacing

38
Q

Clumped Spacing

A

Most common dispersion pattern; resources tend to be clustered and social behavior may promote this pattern

39
Q

Uniform Spacing

A

Uniform spacing between populations/resources; competition may cause this and it may result from social interaction

40
Q

Random Spacing

A

Populations are randomly spaced and may occur where resources are common and abundant; rarest dispersion pattern

41
Q

Where do metapopulations occur?

A

Areas where suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitats.

42
Q

Semelparity

A

All offspring are produced in a single reproductive event; individuals reproduce once before they die

43
Q

Iteroparity

A

Reproduction takes place in successive years or breeding seasons

44
Q

Human population best fits which growth model?

A

Exponential

45
Q

True or False: in humans, the fertility rate is increasing

A

False

46
Q

What is the main difference in human populations between developed and developing nations?

A

In developed nations, population is stabilized, while in developing nations the population is increasing

47
Q

What sociopolitical impacts play a role in human population?

A
  • Availability to resources
  • Educations
  • Healthcare
48
Q

For humans, what is the average ecological footprint for one individual?

A

Roughly 5 acres

49
Q

What is a life table?

A

Summarizes the probability that an individual
will survive and reproduce in any given year
over the course of its lifetime.

50
Q

In a life table, what does nx mean?

A

Number alive

51
Q

In a life table, what does dx mean?

A

Number dying

52
Q

In a life table, what does lx mean?

A

Survivorship

53
Q

Type I Species

A

Most individuals die late in life

54
Q

Type II Species

A

Uniform birth and death rate over the entire lifetime

55
Q

Type III Species

A

Most individuals die early in life

56
Q

In a life table, what is mx?

A

Fecundity/Reproduction rate

BIO181 (13 decks)

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