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nurs 1117 > unit 2 - pharmacology in nursing > Flashcards

unit 2 - pharmacology in nursing Flashcards

1
Q

enteral route

A

medications are administered directly into the gastrointestinal tract
*ng tube
*oral
*rectal
*GI tube

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2
Q

parenteral route

A

bypasses the GI tract
injections through skin, muscle, and directly into the veins
* subcutaneous - SQ
* intramuscular - IM
* intravenous - IV

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3
Q

percutaneous route

A

involves medications that are absorbed through the skin and mucus membranes
ear drops
eye drops
nose drops
topical (on the skin)
inhalation

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4
Q

principles of pharmacokinetics

A

liberation
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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5
Q

liberation

A

after release from the dosage from the medication will be dissolved into body fluids before it can be absorbed
(capsule, tablet)

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6
Q

absorption

A

the process whereby meds are transferred from the site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids (blood, lymph) for distribution

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7
Q

gastrointestinal absorption influenced by:

A

Gastric pH = 1-3
gastric emptying time
enzymatic activity
blood flow of mucus lining and intestines

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8
Q

distribution

A

refers to how the medication is circulated by the body fluids (blood)
protein binding and lipid solubility
areas with less extensive blood supply receive the medications slowly-ie. muscle, skin, fat

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9
Q

protein binding

A

drugs that are relatively insoluble are transported in circulation by binding to plasma proteins

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10
Q

age considerations for distribution

A

some drugs have lower protein binding in neonates and aquire larger loading dose
albumin levels decrease with age

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11
Q

gender considerations

A

there are some differences between men and women in terms of globulin proteins

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12
Q

metabolism

A

the process whereby the body inactivates the drug- creating drug metabolites

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13
Q

excretion

A

elimination of the drug metabolites, and in some cases the active drug itself, is excretion
2 primary sites - GI tract in feces, kidneys in the urine

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14
Q

onset of action

A

is when the concentration of the drug at the site of action is sufficient to start a response

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15
Q

peak action

A

is the time at which the drug is at the highest concentration on the target receptor sites

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16
Q

duration of action

A

is how long the drug lasts

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17
Q

serum drug level

A

measured to ensure the drug level is within therapeutic range

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18
Q

therapeutic range

A

concentration of the drug in the blood that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity

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19
Q

peak level

A

highest concentration of the drug in the plasma after absorption is complete (time for drug to reach the max)

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20
Q

trough level

A

lowest concentration of the drug in the blood

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21
Q

half life

A

measures the time required to for elimination is the half-life
amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body

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22
Q

principles of pharmacodynamics

A

relates to the response medications have in the body
medications will form bonds with specific sites (receptor sites)

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23
Q

agonists

A

stimulate a response

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24
Q

antagonists

A

attach to a receptor site and do not stimulate a response, usually block the site

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25
partial agonist
interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses
26
side effects/common adverse effects
drug with the potential affect more than one body system
27
serious adverse effects
can lead to toxicity
28
allergic reactions
hypersensitivity reactions causes hives and severe itching
29
anaphylactic reaction
life threatening reaction - causes respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse
30
additive effect
two drugs with similar actions are taken together to increase their effect
31
synergistic effect
combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each given together
32
antagonistic effect
one drug is interferes with the action of another
33
displacement
first drug is displaced from protein binding sites by the second drug
34
incompatibility
first drug in incompatible with second drug and causes deterioration when mixed
35
drug tolerance
body becomes accustomed to the effects of a certain drug over a period of time
36
idiosyncratic effect
an unusual response to a medication that manifests by over response, under response, or opposite effect desiredp
37
polypharmacy
use of multiple medications
38
standing order
given for a specific number of doses
39
PRN order
administer as needed
40
single order
carried out only once
41
stat order
single order, emergency use
42
7 rights when giving meds
right medication right patient right dose right route right time right reason right documentation
43
nutrition
basic human need that changes throughout one's life cycle along the wellness-illness continuum.
44
basal metabolism
defined as the energy required to carry on involuntary activities of the body at rest
45
vitamins
- do not provide energy - needed for metabolism of energy providing nutrients
46
what are the fat soluble vitamin?
A, D, E, and K
47
what are water soluble vitamins?
B and C
48
vitamin A
Retinol - found in animal fats and plants mechanism: night vision, normal vision, growth and development of bones and teeth, involved in reproduction, cholesterol and steroid synthesis
49
vitamin D
sunshine- derived from plants, fish oils, salmon, cereals and butter, fortified milk mechanism: regulates absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus, necessary for calcification of bones
50
vitamin E
plant and animal products mechanism: antioxidant
51
vitamin K
green leafy vegetables mechanism: essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors occurring in the liver
52
vitamin B complex
essential for working certain enzymes
53
vitamin C
citrus fruits mechanism: metabolic activities, collagen synthesis, maintenance of connective tissues, bone, teeth, and capillaries, resistance to infection, eryhtropoiesis
54
minerals
elements that provide structure and regulate body processes
55
calcium
most abundant mineral in the body vitamin D helps calcium be absorbed mechanism: catalyst in many coagulation pathways, maintenance of bones, teeth, CNS, and skeletal system
56
magnesium
required for muscle contraction, nerve function, anticonvulsant effect 1.2-1.5
57
phosphorus
building block for body structure, synthesis of essential chemicals, cellular energy transfer utilizing vitamin B complex
58
water
50-60% of total body weight
59
marasmus
common form of malnutrition in hospitalized patients, lack of calories and protein, chronic diseases contribute, literally starving, cachectic appearance
60
kwashiorkor
protein deficiency develops, diet has adequate fast and carbohydrates but little or no protein, patients look normal, edematous
61
mixed kwashiorkor-marasmus
results in patients with marasmus who are suddenly stressed
62
Na+
sodium 135-145 mEq/L
63
K+
potassium 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
64
CL-
chloride 95/105 mEq/L
65
HCO3-
bicarbonate 22-26 mEq/L
66
how much water do we breathe out
we breath out 300ml of water a day
67
dopamine antagonists
inhibit dopamine receptors part of the pathway to the vomiting center
68
serotonin antagonists
block the serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
68
anticholinergic agents
decrease the amount of acetylcholine in the CTZ and VC
69
pain perception
nociception
70
pain threshold
when pain is first perceived
71
pain tolerance
a persons ability to endure pain
72
acute pain
is short term as from injury
73
chronic pain
has slower onset and last longer than 3 months beyond the healing process
74

nurs 1117 (15 decks)

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