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nurs 1117 > unit 2 - pharmacology in nursing > Flashcards

unit 2 - pharmacology in nursing Flashcards

1
Q

enteral route

A

medications are administered directly into the gastrointestinal tract
*ng tube
*oral
*rectal
*GI tube

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2
Q

parenteral route

A

bypasses the GI tract
injections through skin, muscle, and directly into the veins
* subcutaneous - SQ
* intramuscular - IM
* intravenous - IV

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3
Q

percutaneous route

A

involves medications that are absorbed through the skin and mucus membranes
ear drops
eye drops
nose drops
topical (on the skin)
inhalation

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4
Q

principles of pharmacokinetics

A

liberation
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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5
Q

liberation

A

after release from the dosage from the medication will be dissolved into body fluids before it can be absorbed
(capsule, tablet)

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6
Q

absorption

A

the process whereby meds are transferred from the site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids (blood, lymph) for distribution

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7
Q

gastrointestinal absorption influenced by:

A

Gastric pH = 1-3
gastric emptying time
enzymatic activity
blood flow of mucus lining and intestines

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8
Q

distribution

A

refers to how the medication is circulated by the body fluids (blood)
protein binding and lipid solubility
areas with less extensive blood supply receive the medications slowly-ie. muscle, skin, fat

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9
Q

protein binding

A

drugs that are relatively insoluble are transported in circulation by binding to plasma proteins

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10
Q

age considerations for distribution

A

some drugs have lower protein binding in neonates and aquire larger loading dose
albumin levels decrease with age

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11
Q

gender considerations

A

there are some differences between men and women in terms of globulin proteins

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12
Q

metabolism

A

the process whereby the body inactivates the drug- creating drug metabolites

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13
Q

excretion

A

elimination of the drug metabolites, and in some cases the active drug itself, is excretion
2 primary sites - GI tract in feces, kidneys in the urine

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14
Q

onset of action

A

is when the concentration of the drug at the site of action is sufficient to start a response

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15
Q

peak action

A

is the time at which the drug is at the highest concentration on the target receptor sites

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16
Q

duration of action

A

is how long the drug lasts

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17
Q

serum drug level

A

measured to ensure the drug level is within therapeutic range

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18
Q

therapeutic range

A

concentration of the drug in the blood that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity

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19
Q

peak level

A

highest concentration of the drug in the plasma after absorption is complete (time for drug to reach the max)

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20
Q

trough level

A

lowest concentration of the drug in the blood

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21
Q

half life

A

measures the time required to for elimination is the half-life
amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body

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22
Q

principles of pharmacodynamics

A

relates to the response medications have in the body
medications will form bonds with specific sites (receptor sites)

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23
Q

agonists

A

stimulate a response

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24
Q

antagonists

A

attach to a receptor site and do not stimulate a response, usually block the site

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25
Q

partial agonist

A

interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses

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26
Q

side effects/common adverse effects

A

drug with the potential affect more than one body system

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27
Q

serious adverse effects

A

can lead to toxicity

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28
Q

allergic reactions

A

hypersensitivity reactions causes hives and severe itching

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29
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

life threatening reaction - causes respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse

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30
Q

additive effect

A

two drugs with similar actions are taken together to increase their effect

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31
Q

synergistic effect

A

combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each given together

32
Q

antagonistic effect

A

one drug is interferes with the action of another

33
Q

displacement

A

first drug is displaced from protein binding sites by the second drug

34
Q

incompatibility

A

first drug in incompatible with second drug and causes deterioration when mixed

35
Q

drug tolerance

A

body becomes accustomed to the effects of a certain drug over a period of time

36
Q

idiosyncratic effect

A

an unusual response to a medication that manifests by over response, under response, or opposite effect desiredp

37
Q

polypharmacy

A

use of multiple medications

38
Q

standing order

A

given for a specific number of doses

39
Q

PRN order

A

administer as needed

40
Q

single order

A

carried out only once

41
Q

stat order

A

single order, emergency use

42
Q

7 rights when giving meds

A

right medication
right patient
right dose
right route
right time
right reason
right documentation

43
Q

nutrition

A

basic human need that changes throughout one’s life cycle along the wellness-illness continuum.

44
Q

basal metabolism

A

defined as the energy required to carry on involuntary activities of the body at rest

45
Q

vitamins

A
  • do not provide energy
  • needed for metabolism of energy providing nutrients
46
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamin?

A

A, D, E, and K

47
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

48
Q

vitamin A

A

Retinol - found in animal fats and plants
mechanism: night vision, normal vision, growth and development of bones and teeth, involved in reproduction, cholesterol and steroid synthesis

49
Q

vitamin D

A

sunshine- derived from plants, fish oils, salmon, cereals and butter, fortified milk
mechanism: regulates absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus, necessary for calcification of bones

50
Q

vitamin E

A

plant and animal products
mechanism: antioxidant

51
Q

vitamin K

A

green leafy vegetables
mechanism: essential for synthesis of blood coagulation factors occurring in the liver

52
Q

vitamin B complex

A

essential for working certain enzymes

53
Q

vitamin C

A

citrus fruits
mechanism: metabolic activities, collagen synthesis, maintenance of connective tissues, bone, teeth, and capillaries, resistance to infection, eryhtropoiesis

54
Q

minerals

A

elements that provide structure and regulate body processes

55
Q

calcium

A

most abundant mineral in the body
vitamin D helps calcium be absorbed
mechanism: catalyst in many coagulation pathways, maintenance of bones, teeth, CNS, and skeletal system

56
Q

magnesium

A

required for muscle contraction, nerve function, anticonvulsant effect
1.2-1.5

57
Q

phosphorus

A

building block for body structure, synthesis of essential chemicals, cellular energy transfer
utilizing vitamin B complex

58
Q

water

A

50-60% of total body weight

59
Q

marasmus

A

common form of malnutrition in hospitalized patients, lack of calories and protein, chronic diseases contribute, literally starving, cachectic appearance

60
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency develops, diet has adequate fast and carbohydrates but little or no protein, patients look normal, edematous

61
Q

mixed kwashiorkor-marasmus

A

results in patients with marasmus who are suddenly stressed

62
Q

Na+

A

sodium
135-145 mEq/L

63
Q

K+

A

potassium
3.5-5.3 mEq/L

64
Q

CL-

A

chloride
95/105 mEq/L

65
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate
22-26 mEq/L

66
Q

how much water do we breathe out

A

we breath out 300ml of water a day

67
Q

dopamine antagonists

A

inhibit dopamine receptors part
of the pathway to the vomiting center

68
Q

serotonin antagonists

A

block the serotonin receptors in
the chemoreceptor trigger zone

68
Q

anticholinergic agents

A

decrease the amount of
acetylcholine in the CTZ and VC

69
Q

pain perception

A

nociception

70
Q

pain threshold

A

when pain is first perceived

71
Q

pain tolerance

A

a persons ability to endure pain

72
Q

acute pain

A

is short term as from injury

73
Q

chronic pain

A

has slower onset and last longer than 3 months beyond the healing process

74
Q
A

nurs 1117 (15 decks)

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