Unit 2 - Nutrition Flashcards
What do all organic compounds contain?
Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen (some also contain Nitrogen, Sulfur, and/or Phosphorus) - CHONPS
What is the difference between synthesis and decomposition (ie. dehydration synthesis / hydrolysis)?
Synthesis turns monomers into polymers (dehydration synthesis does this by removing water) and decomposition turns polymers into monomers (hydrolysis does this by adding water)
What is metabolism?
Cells performing chemical reactions to make new compounds (by breaking / making bonds)
What are catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism - breaking down polymers (releases energy)
Anabolism - assembling polymers (stores energy
These are the two components of metabolism
What are lipids? What are they broken into? What are they used for?
Lipids are broken into ftty acids, glycerol, and simple lipids. They are used to store energy, processing sugars into energy, and forming membranes / hormones. Lipids can also be manipulated into steroids
What are carbohydrates? What are they broken into? What are they used for?
Carbs are broken into sugars. They are used for making energy
What are proteins? What are they broken into? What are they used for?
Proteins are broken into amino acids. They are used for transporting amino acids (which make up the majority of the body’s structure
What do monosaccharides contain? What are the three most common monosaccarides?
Monosaccharides contain 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. The three most common ones are glucose (most common, blood sugar), fructose (sweet, fruit sugar), and galactose (only found with glucose in lactose)
What are disaccharides made of? What are the three disaccharides?
Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides. Disaccharides include: Lactose (galactose and glucose - in milk), Maltose (two glucose - used to make beer), and Sucrose (glucose and fructose - in fruit, honey, maple syrup, etc.)
What are polysaccharides? what are the three types?
Polysaccharides are chains of thousands of monosaccharides (only glucose). They include starch (how plants store glucose), Glycogen (how animals store glucose), and fiber (which cannot be digested)
What are the to types of fiber?
Soluble - absorb water and make gels; makes food stay in the body longer and can be digested by bacteria; help lower cholesterol
Insoluble - cling to water and makes food move more quickly through the large intestine; are not fermentable / digestable
What is calorimetry?
“A technique that is used to determine the heat involved in a chemical reaction” - the transfer of the energy from burning food to water
What is the formula for determining a calorie / Calorie? What does each part mean?
Q=mCΔt
Q - calorie (c)
m - mass of water (g)
C - heat capaity of water (1 c/g°C)
Δt - change in temperature
What is the formula for finding the energy per gram of a food?
Q/m
What are the two forms of lipids?
Fats and oils
What makes up a triglyceride?
A glycerol backbone and three chains of fatty acids
What vitamins can only dissolve in fat?
A, D, E, and K
What diseases are fat linked to?
Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, etc.
What is Saturated fat? Where does it come from? What does it do?
A solid fat, comes from mainly animal sources, raises total blood cholesterol and LDL levels. May increase risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
What is trans fat? Where does it come from? What does it do?
A solid fat, made from oil from partial hydrogenation, easier to cook with but increases LDL and lowers HDL levels. Increases risk of cardiovascular disease
What are sterols? Where do they come from?
Another type of lipid, made of a ring-structure instead of chains (like triglycerides). Naturally synthesized in the liver and intestines. (ie. Cholesterol)
What are monounsaturated fatty acids? Where do they come from? What do they do?
AKA MUFAs, are in a variety of foods and oils. They improveblood cholesterol levels, decrease risk of heart disease, may also benefit insulin levvels / blood sugar control
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids? Where do they come from? What do they do?
AKA PUFAs, are mainly in plant-based foods and oils. They imporve blood cholesterol levels, decrease risk of heart disease, and decrease risk of T2 diabetes
What are omega-3 fatty acids? Where do they come from? What do they do?
One type of PUFA, found in some types of fish, may be beneficial to the heart. Decreases risk of coronary heart disease, prevents arrhythmia, and lowers blood pressure levels (reduces blood clots)
What are omega-6 fatty acids? Where do they come from? What do they do?
Another PUFA, found in veggie and peanut oils, used for cell membrane structure and fat transport
What do proteins do?
Help wih metabolism, immunity, fluid imbalance, nitrient transport, and ENZYMES
What are proteins made of? What do they contain thaat other macronutrients don’t?
Amino acids
Nitrogen
What are amino acids joined with?
Peptide bonds (why a long chain is a polypeptide)
How much of a person’s calories should come from fat? Carbs? Protein? What are the calories per gram of each nutrient?
Fat - 30% (4C/g)
Carbs - 60% (4 C/g)
Protein - 10% (9C/g)
What nutrients should you gett more of? Less of?
More - Fibre, vitamins A and C, calcium, iron
Less - Fat (saturated, trans), sodium, cholesterol
What are the food groups (Canadian Food Guide)? What are the recommended servings for teens?
Veggies/ fruit (7)
Grain products (6)
Dairy and alternatives (3-4)
Meat and alternatives (2)
