Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (c. 1200 to c. 1450) Flashcards
Astrolabe
1200-1450 (but it was invented earlier) Ancient Greece but then was used across Indian Ocean and Mediterranean An instrument that was used to be able to find latitude by measuring the anle of celestial bodies above the horizon. This made navigation easier and it was very essential during Indian Ocean and Mediterranean rise. The astrolobe was used by muslims and then European sailors. The use of both helped influence the development of new tools for navigation Navigation, Celestial Shpere
Bubonic Plague
1347-1351 Central Asia The Bubonic Plague, was a deadly disease carried by fleas on rats that devastated communities in Asia and Europe during the 14th century. killed numbeos of deaths. The bubonic plague killed 75-200 millon peoplem divine,molarity and punishment
Caravan
1200–1450 CE Centra Asia, South Asia, and North Africa A group of people (usually traders) traveling together across long trade routes, especially through deserts or dangerous areas, often with camels. “Traders grouped into caravans for safety (from bandits) and efficiency.
“ Trade Networks, Cultural Diffusion, and Labor Systems
Compass
1200–1450 CE China, the Indian Ocean Basin, Islamic World, and to Europe A navigation tool that shows direction (usually using a magnetic needle pointing north), helping sailors travel more accurately over long distances. “As trade and sea travel increased, sailors needed better ways to navigate. Allowed for more global connections, trade, and exchange of goods, people, and ideas
” Technological Innovations, Economic Systems, and Cultural Diffusion
Cultural Diffusion
1200-1450CE Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade, Trans-Saharan Trade Connected and spread culture, beliefs, and religion. Also globalized the world, which also influenced others to take concepts of religion and beliefs. Formed from the expansion of empires, new ideaologies and technologies that spread along with trade goods. This led to new innovations, better knowledges in science and maths, and higher understanding of agricultural knowledge. Cultural Diffusion, Relgion belief systems, Trade networks, State/Empire Building
Genghis Khan
1200–1450 CE Central Asia, China, Persia, Russia, and parts of the Middle East and Eastern Europe Founder and leader of the Mongol Empire, who united the Mongol tribes and created the largest land empire in history. Genghis Khan (born as Temujin) united them through warfare, alliances, and leadership. Creating the Mongol Empire which led to more connected trade (The Silk Road) Increased cultural exchange, trade, and spread of technology and ideas Political Ideologies, Resistance Movements, and Cultural Diffusion
Golden Horde
1200–1450 CE and into 1450–1750 Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia A Mongol khanate (territory) that ruled over parts of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia after Genghis Khan’s death. “After Genghis Khan died, the Mongol Empire was divided into khanates. Led to Mongol influence on Russian military and political systems. Helped keep the Silk Roads and trade routes open during Mongol rule
” Resistance Movements, Governance, and Cultural Diffusion
Indian Ocean Trade
600–1450 CE - 1450–1750 CE South Asia, China, Southeast Asia, East Africa A network of maritime trade routes connecting East Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China that facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. The Indian Ocean was a major route for trade due to its geographical position, connecting major civilizations.Connected regions of Africa, Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula, boosting economies Trade Networks, Economic Systems, and Cultural Diffusion
Kublai Khan
1200–1450 CE China, East Asia, and Central Asia The grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was the first Mongol emperor of China, who expanded the Mongol Empire and helped integrate Chinese culture into Mongol rule. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China, becoming the first non-Chinese ruler of China. Kublai’s reign led to a flourishing of trade and cultural exchanges (especially along the Silk Roads). Governance, Cultural Diffusion, and Political Ideologies
Lateen Sail
600–1450 CE Indian Ocean Basin and Mediterranean Sea A triangular sail mounted on a mast at an angle, allowing ships to sail efficiently against the wind, improving navigation and making maritime travel faster and more reliable. The lateen sail originated in the Arab world and was essential for improving the speed and flexibility of sailing ships. Boosted trade and cultural exchange between Africa, Asia, and Europe, especially in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. Technological Innovations, Trade Networks, and Economic Systems
Marco Polo
1254 - 1324 CE Venice, Constantinople, the silk roads, Mongol empire, India Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant, traveler, and explorer whose extensive travels through Asia in the late 13th century. His accounts of these regions introduced Europeans to new cultures, technologies, and goods, though some of his claims have been debated by historians. Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, embarked on his journey to Asia with his family in 1271, reaching China, where he became a confidant and official in the Mongol court. His account of the regions he visited was later compiled into The Travels of Marco Polo, which became one of the most important sources of information about Asia for Europeans. Economic systems, cultural developments and interactions, state-building, expansion, and conflict.
Mongol empire
13th century Eurasia The largest land based empire established in the early 13th century by Genghis Khan and expanding from Asia and into Europe. While reshaping trade, culture, politocol dynamics and connecting regions through a network of trades routes and exchanging ideas, goods and technologies. Mongol Empire was founded in 1206 when Genghis Khan united the Monglian tribes and began his campaigns of conquest. Known for their military strategies which included horeseback riding and psychologicol warfares tatics. They facilated trade along the silk road promoting both economic exchange and cultural exchange. Cultural diffusion
Monsoon Winds
1st century CE to the 15th century CE Africa, the Middle East, and Asia The winds helped sailors or traders navigate and predict the wind patterns, which allowed for trade to succesfully occur. Traders were allowed to become more accurate with their detinations alllowing for trade of resources like food, grains, metals, and technology. trade networks, migration,
Spread of Islam
1200-1450 middle east, north africa, west africa, south asia, southeast asia islam spread through trade, travel and conquest. merchants, scholars, and missionaries helped bring it to new places Helped connect different regions with common religion, language (Arabic), and culture. Led to new buildings, schools, and blended traditions. Religion/Belief Systems, Trade Networks, Cultural Diffusion, Migration
Three-Field System
Medieval time Europe The division of land into three to grow different crops led to growth in economic and social aspects land reform, environmental impact/changes
Trade Goods (Silk, Spices, Gold, Slaves)
2nd century to 15th century Asia to middke east They facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, religions, and technologies between different civilizations, contributing to economic growth in the ancient world. Led to the spread of cultures, religions, and technologies, boosted trade between regions, and helped create a more connected world. cultural exchange and global trade
Pax Mongolica
13th to 14th century “
Eurasia “ Pax Mongolica was a time of relitive peace and stability in Eurasia under the Mogoal Empire, This Faciliated trade, Communication,and cultural exchange across the silk road The Pax Mongolica had Facilitated trade, Communication and cultural exchange across the silk road Trade and Commerce, Cultural Exchange, Technological Diffusion, and Religious Tolerance
Reconquista
Early 8th century spain & potugeause mainly during which christian kingdome gradually reclaimed control of the ibaran penincula
Silk Roads
15th century Asia to middle east Helped exchange goods, culture, ideas, and technologies, connecting civilizations and fostering global trade and interactions. emerged during China’s Han Dynasty, linking East and West for commerce and cultural exchange as dynasties sought to spread their authority and get access to rich goods such as silk and spices. cultural and economic exchange
Tax Farming
15th century Ottoman Empire The system by the gov. to let people or companies gather taxes from people to help administrate land-based empires. helped economic aspects of land-based empires. taxation, economic ideologies, state/empire building
