5 Flashcards
American Revolution
April 19th,1775-September 3rd, 1783 North America The American Revolution was an ideological and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies in what was then British America. The revolution culminated in the American Revolutionary War, which was launched on April 19, 1775, in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The revolution led to independamce of the U.S. shaping American society, politics, and inspiring movements fro independance and self-govern globally Liberty, self-governance, resitance to perceived tyranny
Baron de Montesquieu
1689-1755 Europe, france Montesquieu was a french philosopher known for advocating his idea of “seperation of powers”. This concept of serpation of powers came up during the englightenment. This idea helped form todays political system and democracy government Englightenment and political reform
bourgeiousie
1750-1900 france The bourgeoisie were the middle class in France who gained wealth through industry and trade. They played a significant role in the French Revolution as they sought more political power and rights. The rise of the bourgeoisie challenged the old aristocratic order, helping to push revolutions and reforms. social class revolution
Capitalism
1750-1900 Europe (Industrial Revolution) An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, where goods and services are prduced Increased industrial production, emergence of new social classes, expansion of empires and global trade economic systems, global trade, social structures, and political ideologies
Communism
19th Century Primarily Europe, later spreading A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society and collective ownership of the means of production, formulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It emerged as a response to industrial capitalism, inspiring revolutions like the Russian Revolution of 1917 and leading to the establishment of communist states that often became authoritarian. Revolution, State/Empire Building
cottage industry
around 17th- 18th century Europe, parts of asia Manufacturing industry usually done by hand or small materials and at home rather than in factories. For example done with textiles. During the industrial revolution and it gave marketing expansion, new technologies invented for faster cotton porocessing and making such as the steam engine and spinning wheel Industrialization, industrial revolution , technological innovations
Effects of Industrialization
1750 Britain, US, Japan, Western Europe (France, germany) refers to the major social, economic, political, and environmental changes that occurred when societies shifted from hand-made goods to machine-based manufacturing, especially in urban areas. It changed where people lived, how they worked, and how countries interacted globally. Economic changes, urbanization, social changes, pollution and political effects
End of Serfdom
Late middle ages to the 19th century Western and centeral europe Abolshing the fedual right of the noblity The reforms of Jaques Necker abolished serfodom in all crown lands in france peasant resistance, economic shifts, and changes in the legal and political landscape
Enlightenment
17th and 18th centuries It was a European intellectual movement, with major developments in countries like France, England, and Germany, but its ideas spread globally. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement focused on reason, science, and individual rights. It challenged traditional authority, especially the church and monarchy, and laid the groundwork for modern democracy, human rights, and scientific progress. The Enlightenment emerged in response to the scientific revolution and dissatisfaction with religious and political authorities. It influenced the American and French Revolutions, inspiring changes in government, education, and social systems. “The Enlightenment centered on reason, individual liberty, secularism, and progress, promoting ideas that led to modern political and scientific developments.
”
Estates General
May 5, 1789 Versailles, France The Estates General was a key event that helped spark the French Revolution, as it gave a platform for the Third Estate (common people) to voice their grievances, ultimately leading to the formation of the National Assembly and the push to end absolute monarchy in France. start of french revolution, collapse of absolute monarchy, End of Feudal Privileges Power and Authority, social heiarchy, revolution, human rights and citizenship
Factory System
1750 and continued into the late 19th century. Britan, western europe, US The Factory System refers to a method of manufacturing that emerged during the Industrial Revolution (late 18th century to early 19th century), significantly altering how goods were produced. The system replaced the earlier cottage industry (or domestic system), where production was spread out across homes or small workshops. Increased Production, Increase of capitalism, wage labor economy, urbanization economic growth, labor and worker rights, urbanzation, enviornmetal impact
Free Market
18th century The free market model was primarily developed in Europe and spread globally, especially influencing economies in the United States and Western nations. A free market is an economic system where prices and production are determined by supply and demand, with little or no government intervention. It is significant because it promotes competition, innovation, and individual economic freedom, serving as a foundation for capitalist economies. The free market emerged in contrast to feudal economies and central planning, and it led to rapid industrialization and economic growth. However, it also resulted in economic inequality and the exploitation of workers in some cases. The free market emphasizes competition, economic freedom, and capitalism, but also raises issues of inequality and market failures.
Haitian Revolution
1791-1804 Saint-Domingue First country founded by slaves for the need of independence. Inspired others to revolt and gain independence from their owners. Challenged and changed racism, slavery, and colonizing. France lost one of their important colonies from this, but Haiti later faced heavy debts and economic challenges. Slavery, Independence, Decolonization, Resistance Movements
Industrial Revolution
Great Britain mid-18th century to about 1830 a time when new machines, factories, and technologies transformed how goods were produce caused more factories, people moving to cities for jobs, and growth, but also led to poor working conditions and crowded cities. Technological innovations, Industrialization, imperialism, revolutions
Jacobins
1789–1794 France Under the leadership of individuals like Robespierre, the Jacobins were a radical political organization during the French Revolution that favored social equality, republicanism, and the murder of King Louis XVI. Before being deposed in 1794, they changed France’s political and social framework, conducted the Reign of Terror, and repressed resistance via mass executions. Revolutions
John Locke
1632-1704 Europe, England, France, American Colonies, & Latin America influenced the enlightenment about people being born with natural rights, like liberty, life, and property. He believed that the government protected these rights, and if the government doesn’t protect it properly, the people can rebel against it. The englightenment period questioned thinkers about science and life, which led to thinkers questioning on how why kinds had to most power and the lower peoples had such little rights Enlightenment, Human Rights, Religion/Belief Systems
Labor Unions
19th century Europe and North America Labor unions were organizations of workers in the industrialized economy that demanded improved wages, working conditions, and hours. As industrialization widened, the organizations played a critical role in fighting against capitalist exploitation and shaping government labor policies. Unfavorable work conditions in the process of industrialization gave rise to labor unions. These were typically repressed, but more and more utilized strikes and negotiations to achieve more power and pass legislations favoring workers’ rights and factory conditions. “Labor Systems - Labor unions transformed industrial labor by organizing workers to resist exploitation and demand legal protections during a time of global economic change.
“
Laissez Faire
18th century It was primarily associated with Europe, particularly France and Britain, and later influenced economies worldwide. Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in business and markets. It emphasizes that markets function best when left to operate naturally, driven by supply and demand. It is significant because it supports the idea of free-market capitalism and individual economic freedom. Laissez-faire economics emerged during the Enlightenment, with thinkers like Adam Smith advocating for it. It led to the expansion of capitalist economies but also contributed to issues like economic inequality and exploitation during the industrial era. “Laissez-faire emphasizes economic freedom, minimal government interference, and capitalism, while raising concerns about inequality and the lack of regulation in certain industries.
”
Napoleonic Code
March 21st 1804 France A comprehensive legal code that standardized French law and influenced legal systems globally. Standardized legal procedures, promoted equality before the law, and spread French legal principles across Europe. Legal and Administrative Systems
Nationalism
18th-19th centuries Globally Intense loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, often associated with a desire for self determination. Fueled independence movements, wars, and the creation of nation-states. Political and Social Revoultion
