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Biology 201 > Unit 2 Lecture notes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lecture notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in bonds of chemical substances

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2
Q

Electrical energy

A

results from movements of charged particles

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3
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter (muscle contraction)

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4
Q

Radiant or electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves (light spectrum- gamma, x ray, visible, ultraviolet, heat) AKA the energy that is lost

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5
Q

what element makes up most of our body?

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

What is an isotope

A

variations of elements with different atomic mass

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7
Q

What is the top and bottom number of an isotope?

A

Top is the atomic mass (# of neutrons and protons)

Bottom is the atomic number (#of protons)

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8
Q

what does it mean if an element is inert?

A

It means the outer valence shell is filled with 8 valence electrons making it very stable

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9
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two or more of the same element

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10
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more elements combine through covalent bonding

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11
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

an ionic bond is between a metal and nonmetal and does not share electrons

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12
Q

where is the hydrogen bond in water found?

A

between the water compounds

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13
Q

synthesis reaction

A

combination or anabolism

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14
Q

decomposition

A

breakdown or catabolism

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15
Q

exchange

A

displacement

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16
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gaining

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17
Q

What is a catalysts

A

Increase rate of reaction without becoming part of the product or chemically changing the reactants. (Enzymes are biological catalysts.)

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18
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

Do not contain carbon (water, salts, and many acids and bases)

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19
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Contains carbon and is usually large and covalently bonded (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids).

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20
Q

What is the most important inorganic compound?

A

water and it makes up about 60-80% of living cells.

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21
Q

why is water such an important inorganic compound?

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning

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22
Q

What does polar solvent properties mean?

A

It can break apart ionic compounds

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23
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

separated ions from salts and can conduct electrical currents

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24
Q

what is electrolyte homeostasis?

A

this is where blood tightly regulates electrolyte composition of extracellular fluid

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25
Q

Explain an acid

A

An acid releases H+ ions (proton donor)

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26
Q

Explain a base

A

Pick up H+ ions (proton accept-er) and releases OH-

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27
Q

important acids

A

HCL (hydrochloric acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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28
Q

important bases

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) and ammonia (NH3)

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29
Q

PH scale explination

A

0-14 scale based on the concentration of H+ ions. is a 10- fold difference (a 5 pH is 10 times more acidic than a 6pH)

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30
Q

Important pH levels

A

Gastric juice- 2

Blood- 7.4

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31
Q

What is a great buffer?

A

Carbonic acid (bicarbonate system- blood buffer)

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32
Q

what is a solvent and solute

A

Solvent is dissolving and solute is being disolved

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33
Q

osmole

A

the number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution

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34
Q

Equivalents/liter

A

of moles of ionized solution multiplied by the valence of the ion

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35
Q

What makes up a carbohydrate?

A

1 carbon
2 hydrogen
1 oxygen

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36
Q

3 major classifications of a carbohydrate

A

mono; di; and poly saccharides (1, 3-10, more than 10)

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37
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

source of calories (glucose)
energy storage (stored glycogen)
component of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
structural component in cell wall of plants and bacteria
modify proteins to alter its function
and helps body recognize events at cell surface

38
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide and its function

A

Most common is glucose
absorbed in gi tract
Blood sugar and blood levels regulated by insulin

39
Q

monosaccharide hexoses

A

Made of 6 carbons (sugars)

-glucose, fructose, galactose

40
Q

monosccharide pentoses

A

made of 5 carbons (nucleic acids)

-ribose and deoxyribose

41
Q

how is a disaccharide made?

A

removal of water (condensation reaction) forms a glycosidic bond)

42
Q

what happens if water is added to a disaccharide?

A

the water breaks the glycosidic bond (hydrolysis)

43
Q

what is a monomer?

A

Repeating subunit of a larger molecule (monosaccharie)

44
Q

what is a polymer?

A

molecule made up of monomers (polysaccharide)

45
Q

what are the three main types of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

46
Q

What is a glycogen?

A

storage form of glucose in mammals (found in liver and muscle)

47
Q

What is a starch?

A

storage form of glucose in plants

48
Q

what is a cellulose?

A

structural component of plant cell walls (humans do not posses enzymes to breakdown specific linkages that comprise cellulose)

49
Q

Phosopholipids and glycolipids

A

Ampipathic (posses a hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions)

Glicoral backbone with 2 fatty acid chains and 1 polar head containing phosphorus

50
Q

Explain the phosphorus head of a phospholipid/glycolipid

A

it is hydrophilic due to the O- and is considered the polar head

51
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Can go into and out of cells with no problem with no transporter.
Lipid with many of carbons arranged in 4 ring structure
cholesterol is precursor for other steroid molecules.

52
Q

two main functions of a steroid are

A

chemical messengers and cell membrane structures

53
Q

what is an eicosanoid made up of

A

20 carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid, which is found in cell membranes

54
Q

what is the key function of an eicosanoid

A

chemical signaling (clotting blood pressure regulation, inflammation, labor contractions)

55
Q

what are the four types of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromoboxanes
prostacyclin

56
Q

how an eicosanoid behaves

A

produced in small amounts in tissues instead of secreted by discrete glands
tend to act locally (not systematically)

57
Q

what is a lipid

A

water insoluble group of organic molecules

1 carbon to 2 hydrogen;much less oxygen than carbohydrates

58
Q

types of lipids

A 
fatty acids
glycerides
phosphoslipids and glycolipids
steriods
eicosanoids
59
Q

fatty acids

A

long chains up to 24 hydrocarbons
carboxyl group at one end (COOH)
Methyl group at the other end (CH3)

60
Q

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

no bend and only single covalent bonds if its saturated. if not there will be one or more double bends between the carbons and this gives the compound a sharp bend look.

61
Q

glycerides

A

a combination of a glycerol with fatty acids

formed by dehydration synthesis (mono-, di-, tri-, glyceride)

62
Q

glycerol

A

3 carbon chain

63
Q

fatty acids functions

A

incorporation into larger lipid molecules; conversion to energy

64
Q

glyceride functions

A

energy storage, insulation, protection

65
Q

Protein functions: catalysts

A

enzymes

66
Q

Protein functions: immune function

A

antibodies

67
Q

Protein functions: movement

A

contractile proteins

68
Q

Protein functions: signaling

A

receptors

69
Q

Protein functions: structural support

A

connective tissues

70
Q

Protein functions: oxygen delivery

A

hemoglobin/myoglobin

71
Q

amino acids

A

contain an amino group and a carboxyl group and a R group attached to a central carbon

72
Q

R groups

A

r groups distinguish amino acids from other amino acids. (about 20 main amino acids)
can be hydro philic or phobic, + or - charged , acidic, or basic

73
Q

the three peptides

A

dipeptide- 2 amino acids
olgiopeptide- 3-20 amino acids
polypeptide- 20 amino acids
(held together by peptide bonds)

74
Q

Peptides

A

formed by dehydration reaction and broken by hydrolysis

75
Q

amino terminal and carboxyl terminal

A

amino- NH2

carboxyl- COOH

76
Q

protein structures

A

Alpha helix- corkscrew shape

Beta helix- folded sheet

77
Q

fibrous proteins

A

Structural proteins
water insoluble and stable
have tertiary or quatemary structure
provide mechanical support and and tensile strength

78
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

keratin, elastin, collagen, contractile fibers

79
Q

Globular proteins

A

compact and spherical
water soluble and not stable
tertiary or quantemary structures
specific functional regions (active sites)

80
Q

Globular Protein exmaple

A

antibodies, hormones, molecule chaperones, enzymes

81
Q

Enzymes two parts

A

Apoenzyme (protein portion)- actual protein

Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (organic molecule, often a vitamin)

82
Q

enzymes

A

end is -ase and named for the reaction they catalyze
act on a very specific substrate (amino acids)
lower activation energy
work best at 37 degrees celcius

83
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA- doexyribonucleic acid (double stranded)

RNA- ribonucleic acid (single stranded)

84
Q

Central dogma of biology

A

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

85
Q

Nucleic acid form

A

Phosphate group, a sugar, and B group (nitrogenous base)

86
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Purines- adenine/guanine

Pyrimidines- cytosine/thymine (DNA)/Uracil (RNA)

87
Q

what kind of bond holds dna together

A

Hydrogen bonds

88
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenosine triphosphate

89
Q

ATP is formed by

A

attachments of phosphate groups to adenosine (adenine and ribose)

90
Q

ATP

A

energy is stored in the phosphate bonds and used as currency to fuel cells
ATP generates ADP and this requires ATPases

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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