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Unit 2 Lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in bonds of chemical substances

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2
Q

Electrical energy

A

results from movements of charged particles

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3
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter (muscle contraction)

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4
Q

Radiant or electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves (light spectrum- gamma, x ray, visible, ultraviolet, heat) AKA the energy that is lost

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5
Q

what element makes up most of our body?

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

What is an isotope

A

variations of elements with different atomic mass

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7
Q

What is the top and bottom number of an isotope?

A

Top is the atomic mass (# of neutrons and protons)

Bottom is the atomic number (#of protons)

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8
Q

what does it mean if an element is inert?

A

It means the outer valence shell is filled with 8 valence electrons making it very stable

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9
Q

what is a molecule?

A

two or more of the same element

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10
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more elements combine through covalent bonding

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11
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

an ionic bond is between a metal and nonmetal and does not share electrons

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12
Q

where is the hydrogen bond in water found?

A

between the water compounds

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13
Q

synthesis reaction

A

combination or anabolism

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14
Q

decomposition

A

breakdown or catabolism

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15
Q

exchange

A

displacement

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16
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gaining

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17
Q

What is a catalysts

A

Increase rate of reaction without becoming part of the product or chemically changing the reactants. (Enzymes are biological catalysts.)

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18
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

Do not contain carbon (water, salts, and many acids and bases)

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19
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Contains carbon and is usually large and covalently bonded (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids).

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20
Q

What is the most important inorganic compound?

A

water and it makes up about 60-80% of living cells.

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21
Q

why is water such an important inorganic compound?

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning

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22
Q

What does polar solvent properties mean?

A

It can break apart ionic compounds

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23
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

separated ions from salts and can conduct electrical currents

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24
Q

what is electrolyte homeostasis?

A

this is where blood tightly regulates electrolyte composition of extracellular fluid

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25
Explain an acid
An acid releases H+ ions (proton donor)
26
Explain a base
Pick up H+ ions (proton accept-er) and releases OH-
27
important acids
HCL (hydrochloric acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
28
important bases
HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) and ammonia (NH3)
29
PH scale explination
0-14 scale based on the concentration of H+ ions. is a 10- fold difference (a 5 pH is 10 times more acidic than a 6pH)
30
Important pH levels
Gastric juice- 2 | Blood- 7.4
31
What is a great buffer?
Carbonic acid (bicarbonate system- blood buffer)
32
what is a solvent and solute
Solvent is dissolving and solute is being disolved
33
osmole
the number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution
34
Equivalents/liter
#of moles of ionized solution multiplied by the valence of the ion
35
What makes up a carbohydrate?
1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen
36
3 major classifications of a carbohydrate
mono; di; and poly saccharides (1, 3-10, more than 10)
37
function of carbohydrates
source of calories (glucose) energy storage (stored glycogen) component of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structural component in cell wall of plants and bacteria modify proteins to alter its function and helps body recognize events at cell surface
38
what is the most common monosaccharide and its function
Most common is glucose absorbed in gi tract Blood sugar and blood levels regulated by insulin
39
monosaccharide hexoses
Made of 6 carbons (sugars) | -glucose, fructose, galactose
40
monosccharide pentoses
made of 5 carbons (nucleic acids) | -ribose and deoxyribose
41
how is a disaccharide made?
removal of water (condensation reaction) forms a glycosidic bond)
42
what happens if water is added to a disaccharide?
the water breaks the glycosidic bond (hydrolysis)
43
what is a monomer?
Repeating subunit of a larger molecule (monosaccharie)
44
what is a polymer?
molecule made up of monomers (polysaccharide)
45
what are the three main types of polysaccharides?
Glycogen Starch Cellulose
46
What is a glycogen?
storage form of glucose in mammals (found in liver and muscle)
47
What is a starch?
storage form of glucose in plants
48
what is a cellulose?
structural component of plant cell walls (humans do not posses enzymes to breakdown specific linkages that comprise cellulose)
49
Phosopholipids and glycolipids
Ampipathic (posses a hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions) | Glicoral backbone with 2 fatty acid chains and 1 polar head containing phosphorus
50
Explain the phosphorus head of a phospholipid/glycolipid
it is hydrophilic due to the O- and is considered the polar head
51
What is a steroid?
Can go into and out of cells with no problem with no transporter. Lipid with many of carbons arranged in 4 ring structure cholesterol is precursor for other steroid molecules.
52
two main functions of a steroid are
chemical messengers and cell membrane structures
53
what is an eicosanoid made up of
20 carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid, which is found in cell membranes
54
what is the key function of an eicosanoid
chemical signaling (clotting blood pressure regulation, inflammation, labor contractions)
55
what are the four types of eicosanoids
prostaglandins leukotrienes thromoboxanes prostacyclin
56
how an eicosanoid behaves
produced in small amounts in tissues instead of secreted by discrete glands tend to act locally (not systematically)
57
what is a lipid
water insoluble group of organic molecules | 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen;much less oxygen than carbohydrates
58
types of lipids
``` fatty acids glycerides phosphoslipids and glycolipids steriods eicosanoids ```
59
fatty acids
long chains up to 24 hydrocarbons carboxyl group at one end (COOH) Methyl group at the other end (CH3)
60
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
no bend and only single covalent bonds if its saturated. if not there will be one or more double bends between the carbons and this gives the compound a sharp bend look.
61
glycerides
a combination of a glycerol with fatty acids | formed by dehydration synthesis (mono-, di-, tri-, glyceride)
62
glycerol
3 carbon chain
63
fatty acids functions
incorporation into larger lipid molecules; conversion to energy
64
glyceride functions
energy storage, insulation, protection
65
Protein functions: catalysts
enzymes
66
Protein functions: immune function
antibodies
67
Protein functions: movement
contractile proteins
68
Protein functions: signaling
receptors
69
Protein functions: structural support
connective tissues
70
Protein functions: oxygen delivery
hemoglobin/myoglobin
71
amino acids
contain an amino group and a carboxyl group and a R group attached to a central carbon
72
R groups
r groups distinguish amino acids from other amino acids. (about 20 main amino acids) can be hydro philic or phobic, + or - charged , acidic, or basic
73
the three peptides
dipeptide- 2 amino acids olgiopeptide- 3-20 amino acids polypeptide- 20 amino acids (held together by peptide bonds)
74
Peptides
formed by dehydration reaction and broken by hydrolysis
75
amino terminal and carboxyl terminal
amino- NH2 | carboxyl- COOH
76
protein structures
Alpha helix- corkscrew shape | Beta helix- folded sheet
77
fibrous proteins
Structural proteins water insoluble and stable have tertiary or quatemary structure provide mechanical support and and tensile strength
78
examples of fibrous proteins
keratin, elastin, collagen, contractile fibers
79
Globular proteins
compact and spherical water soluble and not stable tertiary or quantemary structures specific functional regions (active sites)
80
Globular Protein exmaple
antibodies, hormones, molecule chaperones, enzymes
81
Enzymes two parts
Apoenzyme (protein portion)- actual protein | Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (organic molecule, often a vitamin)
82
enzymes
end is -ase and named for the reaction they catalyze act on a very specific substrate (amino acids) lower activation energy work best at 37 degrees celcius
83
nucleic acids
DNA- doexyribonucleic acid (double stranded) | RNA- ribonucleic acid (single stranded)
84
Central dogma of biology
DNA to RNA to PROTEIN
85
Nucleic acid form
Phosphate group, a sugar, and B group (nitrogenous base)
86
Nitrogenous bases
Purines- adenine/guanine | Pyrimidines- cytosine/thymine (DNA)/Uracil (RNA)
87
what kind of bond holds dna together
Hydrogen bonds
88
ATP stands for
adenosine triphosphate
89
ATP is formed by
attachments of phosphate groups to adenosine (adenine and ribose)
90
ATP
energy is stored in the phosphate bonds and used as currency to fuel cells ATP generates ADP and this requires ATPases

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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