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Biology 201 > cells and tissues last part > Flashcards

cells and tissues last part Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 steps to create a tissue slide?

A

Acquired, fixed (preserved), sectioned, stained, stained, experience

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2
Q

what are ht two agents for staining and what do they stain and which color?

A

Eosin- stains cytoplasm (pink)

Hematoxin- stains nucleus (purple)

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3
Q

what are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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4
Q

what are the three factors that make tissue types differ

A

cell type and function; matrix of the cell; space occupied by cell vs matrix

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5
Q

what two things make up the matrix (extracellular material)?

A

Fibrous/filamentous proteins

ground substance- the clear gel inbetween cells (interstitial fluid or extracellular fluid)

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6
Q

what are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of tissues?

A 
Polarity 
specialized contacts 
supported by connective tissues 
avascular, but innervated
regeneration
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7
Q

what are the three layers in the support of connective tissues?

A

epithelial cell -> basal lamina -> reticular lamina

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8
Q

what are the two first names of epithelial tissues and their meaning

A

simple epithelia- single layer thick

stratified epithelia- two or more layers thick

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9
Q

what are the three last names of epithelia tissues and their meaning

A

squamous- flattened and scale like
cuboidal- cubes
columnar, tall, column like

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10
Q

in what layer of a stratified epithelia is the tissue named and why

A

the apical layer because layers below can change

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11
Q

what are the 3 basics features of a simple epithelia tissue?

A

absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

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12
Q

what are the main features of stratified epithelial?

A

more durable for its role in protection and the cells divide at the basal surface

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13
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: description

A

single layer of squamous cells

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14
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: function

A

diffusion and filtration is used in sites where protection is not important
secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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15
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: location

A

BLOOD VESSELS, kidney glumeruli, airs sacs of lungs, lining of heart, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

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16
Q

Where is the simple squamous epithelium tissue located in a vein and what is its nickname

A

the inner walls and endothelial cell

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17
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue: function

A

secretion and absorption

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18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue: location

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretionary glands of small glands, ovary surface`

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19
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: description

A

round and oval nuclei, many have microvilli and cilia, and may contain goblet cells (the cells go from ground to apical surface)

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20
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: function

A

absorption: secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels muscus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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21
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: location

A

almost everything to do with the digestive tract

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22
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: description

A

the heights differ in each cell making some cells not reach from the basal to apical surface and bear cilia

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23
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: function

A

secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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24
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: location

A

sperm carrying ducts, large ducts, trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

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25
stratified squamous epithelium tissue: description
several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar but go into squamous cells;
26
stratified squamous epithelium tissue: function
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
27
stratified squamous epithelium tissue: location
esophogous, mouth, vagina | keratinized variety forms epidermis of the skin
28
stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue: where are they found and how thick
quite rare; found in some sweat and mammary glands | typically 2 cells thick
29
stratified columnar epithelium tissue: where is it found mostly
small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and some glandular ducts occurs usually at transitional areas between two types of epithelia
30
transitional epithelium: description
both stratified squamous and cuboidal
31
transitional epithelium: function
stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
32
transitional epithelium: location
lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
33
what is a gland at a simple definition
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a seceretion through exocytosis
34
Endocrine glands: ductless glands (where is things secreted and what is secreted)
released into surrounding interstitial fluid, which is picked up by circulatory system secrete hormones and messenger chemicals that travel through lymph or blood to organs
35
Endocrine glands: ductless glands examples
pituitary. ovaries/testies, thyroid, adrenals
36
Exocrine glands: duct glands (places of secretions)
secretions are released onto body surfaces. such as skin, or into body cavities secrete products into ducts
37
what are the two types of multicellular exocrine glands and their shape?
Tubular (long and tubey) and aveolar (sac like) secretory structures
38
difference between simple and compound multicellular duct structures
simple can have 1-3 sacs or tubes to one duct | compound will have 3-3 sac/tubes into one duct
39
where is the compound tubuloaveolar multicellular exocrine gland found?
salivary glands
40
what kind of cell is the goblet cell?
unicellular exocrine gland
41
what are the major functions of connective tissue?
binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting (blood)
42
what are the four main classes of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper cartilage bone blood
43
what is the common origin of all connective tissue?
embryonic mesenchyme
44
what are the two degrees of vascularity?
avascular- slow repair | vascularized- fast repair
45
what is a basic definition of extracellular matrix and its purpose
protein sugar mesh of goo | supports cells so they can bear weight, tension, and abuse
46
what are the three main structural elements of connective tissues?
cells ground substance fibers
47
what are the three cells in connective tissue and where are they found?
fibroblasts- in connective tissue areas chondroblasts- cartilage osteoblasts - bone
48
what stem cells are found in bone marrow?
hematopoietic stem cells
49
what is the connective tissue matrix (ground substance) and what is its function?
unstructured gel like material that fills space between celss medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
50
what are the three components of the connective tissue matrix (ground substance)?
interstitial fluid cell adhesion proteins proteoglycans
51
Connective tissue matrix: interstitial fluid purpose
water in varying amounts: affects viscosity
52
Connective tissue matrix: cell adhesion proteins purpose
glue for attachment (fibronectin and laminin)
53
Connective tissue matrix: proteoglycans (sugar protiens) purpose
protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid)
54
what is the structure of a proteoglycan
l l l amino sugar o--------- protein core l l l this connects onto a hyalouronic core to form a larger structure
55
connective tissue matrix (fibers) what are the three fibers
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
56
description of collagen fibers
made of collagen proteins, strongest and most abundant type, provides high tensile strength
57
description of elastic fibers
networks of long, thin, elastin protein filaments that allow for strength and recoil
58
description of reticular fibers
short, fine, highly branched collangenous fibers (close to collagen) branching form networks have more give (sorta spongy)
59
what are other cell types in connective tissues?
``` fat cells immune cells: white blood cells mast cells macrophages ```
60
what do fibroblasts make?
collagen fibers loosely arranged
61
what are the two types of connective tissue proper?
loose | dense
62
what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?
areolar adipose reticular
63
what are the three types of dense connective tissue proper?
dense regular dense irregular elastic
64
AREOLAR (CT proper loose) | is it abundant and what does it do?
most widely distributed CT; wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
65
AREOLAR (CT Proper loose) | what does loose fibers allow for
increased ground substance which can act as a water reservoir by holding more interstitial fluid
66
Description of areolar (CT Proper loose) -what makes it up
gel matrix with all 3 fiber types, fibroblasts; macrophages; mast cells; and some white blood cells
67
location of areolar tissue (CT proper loose)
Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
68
two types of fat in adipose tissue (CT proper loose)
``` White adipocytes (WAT: white adipose tissue) brown (BAT: brown adipose tissue) ```
69
what is white adipose tissue (CT proper loose)
* Cells are called * Scanty matrix * Richly vascularized * Functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
70
what is brown adipose tissue (CT proper loose)
Rich in mitochondria • ATP used for heat production rather than energy • Humans have little (if any)
71
description of adipose (CT proper loose)
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
72
Function of adipose (CT proper loose)
: Provides reserve | food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.
73
location of adipose (CT proper loose)
Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
74
what subclass of fibroblasts is found in the reticular (CT proper loose) and what do they do?
reticular cells and they secrete reticular fibers
75
reticular CT loose description
Loose network | of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.
76
Reticular CT loose function
Stroma (spongy) that supports blood cells (white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages)
77
Reticular CT loose locations
lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
78
is Dense regular CT vascularized?
Poorly
79
dense regular CT description (what fiber and how is it packaged, any other fibers, and major cell type)
parallel collagen fibers packed in a bundle; a few elastic fibers; and the major cell type is fibroblasts
80
Dense regular CT function
attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones and withstands great tensile strength when pulling force is applied in 1 direction
81
Dense regular CT location
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
82
does dense connective tissue have more matrix or more fibers?
WAY more fibers
83
Dense irregular CT description
exactly the same to regular but it is irregularly arranged and the sheets of collagen are thicker (sheets instead of bundles)
84
Dense irregular CT function
withstand tension in many directions, and provides structural strength
85
Dense irregular CT location
dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs, submucosa of digestive tract
86
Elastic dense CT description
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
87
Elastic dense CT function
allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries (outer most layers); aids passive recoil of lungs following recoil
88
Elastic dense CT location
walls of large arteries, in vertebral column, walls of bronchial tubes
89
what is cartilage made of
tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers
90
what is the matrix secreted from in cartilage
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
91
where are chondrocytes found in cartilage and bone
lacunae
92
what is cartilage made of
80% water, packed with collagen fibers and proteogycans
93
is cartilage avascular or vascular? where does it receive it nutrients
Avascular | from the collagenous membrane (perichondrium)
94
what are the three types of cartilage
hyaline elastic fibrocartilage
95
Hyaline cartilage description
amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when chondrocytes lie in lacunae
96
Hyaline cartilage function
supports and reinforces resilient cushion resists compressive stress
97
Hyaline cartilage location
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the end of long bones; costal cartilages of the ribs; nose; trachea; layrnx
98
Elastic cartilage description
similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix
99
Elastic cartilage function
allows shape but great flexibility
100
Elastic cartilage location
external ear (pinna) and epiglottis in throat
101
Fibrocartilage description
similar to hyaline but less firm; thick collagen fibers predominate
102
Fibrocartilage function
absorb comprehensive shock
103
Fibrocartilage location
intervertebral discs pubic symphysis disks of knee joint
104
Blood description
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix plasma
105
Blood function
transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
106
Blood Location
contained within blood vessels
107
Skeletal muscle description
long, cylindrical, multinucleate, obvious striations
108
Skeletal muscle function
voluntary movement, locomotion
109
Skeletal muscle location
in skeletal muscles connected to bone or skin
110
Cardiac muscle description
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
111
Cardiac muscle function
as is contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control
112
Cardiac muscle location
walls of the heart
113
smooth muscle description
large sheet or one layer of spindle shaped cells with central nuclei (no striations)
114
smooth muscle function
propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control
115
smooth muscle location
most in the walls of hollow organs
116
Nervous tissue description
neurons are branching cells, cells processes may be quite long and extend from nucleus also have nonexcitable supporting cells
117
nervous tissue function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors; supporting cells support and protect neurons
118
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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