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Biology 201 > cells and tissues last part > Flashcards

cells and tissues last part Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 steps to create a tissue slide?

A

Acquired, fixed (preserved), sectioned, stained, stained, experience

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2
Q

what are ht two agents for staining and what do they stain and which color?

A

Eosin- stains cytoplasm (pink)

Hematoxin- stains nucleus (purple)

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3
Q

what are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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4
Q

what are the three factors that make tissue types differ

A

cell type and function; matrix of the cell; space occupied by cell vs matrix

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5
Q

what two things make up the matrix (extracellular material)?

A

Fibrous/filamentous proteins

ground substance- the clear gel inbetween cells (interstitial fluid or extracellular fluid)

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6
Q

what are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of tissues?

A 
Polarity 
specialized contacts 
supported by connective tissues 
avascular, but innervated
regeneration
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7
Q

what are the three layers in the support of connective tissues?

A

epithelial cell -> basal lamina -> reticular lamina

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8
Q

what are the two first names of epithelial tissues and their meaning

A

simple epithelia- single layer thick

stratified epithelia- two or more layers thick

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9
Q

what are the three last names of epithelia tissues and their meaning

A

squamous- flattened and scale like
cuboidal- cubes
columnar, tall, column like

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10
Q

in what layer of a stratified epithelia is the tissue named and why

A

the apical layer because layers below can change

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11
Q

what are the 3 basics features of a simple epithelia tissue?

A

absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

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12
Q

what are the main features of stratified epithelial?

A

more durable for its role in protection and the cells divide at the basal surface

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13
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: description

A

single layer of squamous cells

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14
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: function

A

diffusion and filtration is used in sites where protection is not important
secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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15
Q

simple squamous epithelium tissue: location

A

BLOOD VESSELS, kidney glumeruli, airs sacs of lungs, lining of heart, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

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16
Q

Where is the simple squamous epithelium tissue located in a vein and what is its nickname

A

the inner walls and endothelial cell

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17
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue: function

A

secretion and absorption

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18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue: location

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretionary glands of small glands, ovary surface`

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19
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: description

A

round and oval nuclei, many have microvilli and cilia, and may contain goblet cells (the cells go from ground to apical surface)

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20
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: function

A

absorption: secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels muscus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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21
Q

simple columnar epithelium tissue: location

A

almost everything to do with the digestive tract

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22
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: description

A

the heights differ in each cell making some cells not reach from the basal to apical surface and bear cilia

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23
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: function

A

secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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24
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue: location

A

sperm carrying ducts, large ducts, trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

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25
Q

stratified squamous epithelium tissue: description

A

several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar but go into squamous cells;

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26
Q

stratified squamous epithelium tissue: function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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27
Q

stratified squamous epithelium tissue: location

A

esophogous, mouth, vagina

keratinized variety forms epidermis of the skin

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28
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue: where are they found and how thick

A

quite rare; found in some sweat and mammary glands

typically 2 cells thick

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29
Q

stratified columnar epithelium tissue: where is it found mostly

A

small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and some glandular ducts
occurs usually at transitional areas between two types of epithelia

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30
Q

transitional epithelium: description

A

both stratified squamous and cuboidal

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31
Q

transitional epithelium: function

A

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

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32
Q

transitional epithelium: location

A

lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

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33
Q

what is a gland at a simple definition

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a seceretion through exocytosis

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34
Q

Endocrine glands: ductless glands (where is things secreted and what is secreted)

A

released into surrounding interstitial fluid, which is picked up by circulatory system
secrete hormones and messenger chemicals that travel through lymph or blood to organs

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35
Q

Endocrine glands: ductless glands examples

A

pituitary. ovaries/testies, thyroid, adrenals

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36
Q

Exocrine glands: duct glands (places of secretions)

A

secretions are released onto body surfaces. such as skin, or into body cavities
secrete products into ducts

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37
Q

what are the two types of multicellular exocrine glands and their shape?

A

Tubular (long and tubey) and aveolar (sac like) secretory structures

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38
Q

difference between simple and compound multicellular duct structures

A

simple can have 1-3 sacs or tubes to one duct

compound will have 3-3 sac/tubes into one duct

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39
Q

where is the compound tubuloaveolar multicellular exocrine gland found?

A

salivary glands

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40
Q

what kind of cell is the goblet cell?

A

unicellular exocrine gland

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41
Q

what are the major functions of connective tissue?

A

binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting (blood)

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42
Q

what are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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43
Q

what is the common origin of all connective tissue?

A

embryonic mesenchyme

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44
Q

what are the two degrees of vascularity?

A

avascular- slow repair

vascularized- fast repair

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45
Q

what is a basic definition of extracellular matrix and its purpose

A

protein sugar mesh of goo

supports cells so they can bear weight, tension, and abuse

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46
Q

what are the three main structural elements of connective tissues?

A

cells
ground substance
fibers

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47
Q

what are the three cells in connective tissue and where are they found?

A

fibroblasts- in connective tissue areas
chondroblasts- cartilage
osteoblasts - bone

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48
Q

what stem cells are found in bone marrow?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

49
Q

what is the connective tissue matrix (ground substance) and what is its function?

A

unstructured gel like material that fills space between celss
medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

50
Q

what are the three components of the connective tissue matrix (ground substance)?

A

interstitial fluid
cell adhesion proteins
proteoglycans

51
Q

Connective tissue matrix: interstitial fluid purpose

A

water in varying amounts: affects viscosity

52
Q

Connective tissue matrix: cell adhesion proteins purpose

A

glue for attachment (fibronectin and laminin)

53
Q

Connective tissue matrix: proteoglycans (sugar protiens) purpose

A

protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid)

54
Q

what is the structure of a proteoglycan

A

l l l amino sugar
o——— protein core
l l l

this connects onto a hyalouronic core to form a larger structure

55
Q

connective tissue matrix (fibers) what are the three fibers

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

56
Q

description of collagen fibers

A

made of collagen proteins, strongest and most abundant type, provides high tensile strength

57
Q

description of elastic fibers

A

networks of long, thin, elastin protein filaments that allow for strength and recoil

58
Q

description of reticular fibers

A

short, fine, highly branched collangenous fibers (close to collagen)
branching form networks have more give (sorta spongy)

59
Q

what are other cell types in connective tissues?

A 
fat cells
immune cells:
white blood cells
mast cells
macrophages
60
Q

what do fibroblasts make?

A

collagen fibers loosely arranged

61
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose

dense

62
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

63
Q

what are the three types of dense connective tissue proper?

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

64
Q

AREOLAR (CT proper loose)

is it abundant and what does it do?

A

most widely distributed CT; wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

65
Q

AREOLAR (CT Proper loose)

what does loose fibers allow for

A

increased ground substance which can act as a water reservoir by holding more interstitial fluid

66
Q

Description of areolar (CT Proper loose) -what makes it up

A

gel matrix with all 3 fiber types, fibroblasts; macrophages; mast cells; and some white blood cells

67
Q

location of areolar tissue (CT proper loose)

A

Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries

68
Q

two types of fat in adipose tissue (CT proper loose)

A 
White adipocytes (WAT: white adipose tissue)
brown (BAT: brown adipose tissue)
69
Q

what is white adipose tissue (CT proper loose)

A
  • Cells are called
  • Scanty matrix
  • Richly vascularized
  • Functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
70
Q

what is brown adipose tissue (CT proper loose)

A

Rich in mitochondria
• ATP used for heat production rather than energy
• Humans have little (if any)

71
Q

description of adipose (CT proper loose)

A

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

72
Q

Function of adipose (CT proper loose)

A

: Provides reserve

food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.

73
Q

location of adipose (CT proper loose)

A

Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within
abdomen; in breasts

74
Q

what subclass of fibroblasts is found in the reticular (CT proper loose) and what do they do?

A

reticular cells and they secrete reticular fibers

75
Q

reticular CT loose description

A

Loose network

of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.

76
Q

Reticular CT loose function

A

Stroma (spongy) that supports blood cells (white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages)

77
Q

Reticular CT loose locations

A

lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

78
Q

is Dense regular CT vascularized?

A

Poorly

79
Q

dense regular CT description (what fiber and how is it packaged, any other fibers, and major cell type)

A

parallel collagen fibers packed in a bundle; a few elastic fibers; and the major cell type is fibroblasts

80
Q

Dense regular CT function

A

attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones and withstands great tensile strength when pulling force is applied in 1 direction

81
Q

Dense regular CT location

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

82
Q

does dense connective tissue have more matrix or more fibers?

A

WAY more fibers

83
Q

Dense irregular CT description

A

exactly the same to regular but it is irregularly arranged and the sheets of collagen are thicker (sheets instead of bundles)

84
Q

Dense irregular CT function

A

withstand tension in many directions, and provides structural strength

85
Q

Dense irregular CT location

A

dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs, submucosa of digestive tract

86
Q

Elastic dense CT description

A

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

87
Q

Elastic dense CT function

A

allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries (outer most layers); aids passive recoil of lungs following recoil

88
Q

Elastic dense CT location

A

walls of large arteries, in vertebral column, walls of bronchial tubes

89
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers

90
Q

what is the matrix secreted from in cartilage

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

91
Q

where are chondrocytes found in cartilage and bone

A

lacunae

92
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

80% water, packed with collagen fibers and proteogycans

93
Q

is cartilage avascular or vascular? where does it receive it nutrients

A

Avascular

from the collagenous membrane (perichondrium)

94
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

95
Q

Hyaline cartilage description

A

amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when chondrocytes lie in lacunae

96
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

supports and reinforces
resilient cushion
resists compressive stress

97
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the end of long bones; costal cartilages of the ribs; nose; trachea; layrnx

98
Q

Elastic cartilage description

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix

99
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

allows shape but great flexibility

100
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

external ear (pinna) and epiglottis in throat

101
Q

Fibrocartilage description

A

similar to hyaline but less firm; thick collagen fibers predominate

102
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

absorb comprehensive shock

103
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
disks of knee joint

104
Q

Blood description

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix plasma

105
Q

Blood function

A

transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

106
Q

Blood Location

A

contained within blood vessels

107
Q

Skeletal muscle description

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate, obvious striations

108
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

voluntary movement, locomotion

109
Q

Skeletal muscle location

A

in skeletal muscles connected to bone or skin

110
Q

Cardiac muscle description

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

111
Q

Cardiac muscle function

A

as is contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control

112
Q

Cardiac muscle location

A

walls of the heart

113
Q

smooth muscle description

A

large sheet or one layer of spindle shaped cells with central nuclei (no striations)

114
Q

smooth muscle function

A

propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control

115
Q

smooth muscle location

A

most in the walls of hollow organs

116
Q

Nervous tissue description

A

neurons are branching cells, cells processes may be quite long and extend from nucleus
also have nonexcitable supporting cells

117
Q

nervous tissue function

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors; supporting cells support and protect neurons

118
Q

nervous tissue location

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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